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RODOLFO CECCHI

Professore emerito
Dipartimento di Ingegneria "Enzo Ferrari"

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Pubblicazioni

2014 - PM2.5 in the Po valley: patterns, long term trends and their influence on air quality [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bigi, Alessandro; Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Teggi, Sergio
abstract

Po Valley is one the largest European region with remarkably high concentration level of atmospheric pollutants, both for particulate and gaseous compounds. In the last decade stringent regulations on air quality standards and on anthropogenic emissions have been set by the European Commission, leading to the latest 2008/50/CE, which requires a monitoring plan also for PM2.5, used as an indicator of population exposure to atmospheric particulates. These regulations lead to an overall improvement on air quality across Europe, including PM10 in the Po valley (Bigi and Ghermandi, 2014). Due to the different nature of PM2.5 and its large fraction of secondary aerosols, patterns and trends of PM2.5 exhibit large difference to PM10 features, therefore the latest air quality regulations may represent a hard challenge for municipalities and environmental agencies. Daily gravimetric equivalent PM2.5 concentration at 44 sites over the Po valley (either in urban or rural background conditions) has been analysed. Long term trends on deseasonalized monthly means have been estimated by Generalised Least Squares. These results have been compared with trends on annual quantiles. Changes, over the sampling period, in frequency distribution of PM2.5 in each month have also been estimated. For each site, impact of primary anthropogenic particulate emissions has been qualitatively estimated by testing PM2.5 series for a significant weekly periodicity using three different metrics. The former compares the median among time series of PM2.5 anomalies of weekdays, the second consists in the weekend effect magnitude. The latter used frequency domain analysis in order to test whether estimated spectral density at 1/7 day-1 frequency is significantly higher than the spectral density of a red noise series. Finally a cluster analysis on the dataset has been performed, showing a geographical pattern for PM2.5 concentration across the valley. This study provides a reliable tool to asses the impact of the current and previous emission control policies across the Po valley.

2012 - Long term trends and patterns of atmospheric pollutants in Modena, Po valley, Italy [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bigi, Alessandro; Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo
abstract

The concentration of atmospheric pollutants in the Po Valley is renowned for its remarkably high levels, both for particulate and gaseous compounds. This analysis focussed on measurements of air pollutants from a background site in Modena, Po valley, Italy. These comprise hourly data for CO, NO, NO2, NOx, O3 and daily gravimetric equivalent data for PM10 from 1998 – 2010. The data are analysed in terms of long-term trends, and of annual, weekly and diurnal patterns. Auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions are also investigated. Influence of anthropogenic sources on pollutant concentration has been studied by checking the presence of weekly cycles on pollutants. Gaseous pollutant characteristic of vehicular traffic emissions (i.e. CO, NO and NO2) exhibit a daily pattern featured by peaks at morning and evening rush-hour and lower concentrations over the weekend. Ozone, whose annual pattern is typified by summer peak due to local production, did not show a significant variation in long term trend notwithstanding the significant decrease in NO over the decade. Regression models of PM10 upon NOx show a greater intercept in winter, representing higher secondary PM10 in the cooler months of the year, and a seasonal pattern in the PM10 to NOx ratio, with lower values in winter and higher in summer.

2012 - Model comparison in simulating the atmospheric dispersion of a pollutant plume in low wind conditions [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Teggi, Sergio; Fabbi, Sara; Bigi, Alessandro; Cecchi, Rodolfo
abstract

Simulations of emitted plume dispersion in atmosphere performed by means of different models are compared: the study evaluates the capabilities of gaussian and lagrangian models in simulating pollutant plume dispersion in low wind conditions.

2010 - Improving of the thermal mapping of coastal and river waters obtained from satellite remote sensing [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Teggi, Sergio; M. P., Bogliolo; Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Bigi, Alessandro
abstract

The temperature of coastal and river water is very important in various areas of environmental concern. Very often, the heat released by human activities in water bodies is classified as a pollutant and it is subjected to regulatory. Remote sensing images acquired by the satellite sensor ASTER could be a very valuable tool in this area. Nevertheless, the spatial resolution (90 m) of this sensor in the thermal infrared is very important limiting factor for the compute of temperature of narrow watercourses or of coastal waters. In this work, an algorithm for the improvement of ASTER images acquired in the TIR based on information on the type of coverage of the area extracted from ASTER images acquired in the VIS-NIR and with spatial resolution varying between 15 m and 30 m. The algorithm produces a downscaling of the ASTER TIR images, from 90 m to 30 m, more complete than those obtainable by usual interpolation techniques. In this paper it is given a summary description of the structure of the algorithm followed by two applications on the coastal areas of the lagoon of Venice and the Po River delta.

2010 - Performance of Different Models to Evaluate Atmospheric Dispersion in Calm Wind Conditions [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Teggi, Sergio; Fabbi, Sara; Bigi, Alessandro; Cecchi, Rodolfo
abstract

The study investigates the performance of different air pollution dispersion models in wind calm conditions. The models have been applied to two case studies: the cities of Modena and Reggio Emilia, both placed in the Po river valley (Northern Italy), an area characterized by prevailing weak winds conditions. The emission sources are the municipal waste incinerator of Modena and the Turbo Gas plant of Reggio Emilia. Total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration levels are estimated by three models: the gaussian Industrial Source Complex (ISC3) and WinDimula 3.0 models, and the langrangian particle model SPRAY. The performances of the models have been compared: ISC3 provides less reliable results, while SPRAY and WinDimula 3.0 have shown a good capability to describe a domain characterized by wind calm conditions and SPRAY simulation performs significantly better in the vicinity of the source.

2010 - Seasonal and weekly pattern of atmospheric particles in a urban background site in the Po valley, Italy [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Bigi, Alessandro; Fabbi, Sara; Teggi, Sergio; Cecchi, Rodolfo
abstract

Combined measurements of number and weight particle concentration have been performed in an urban background site in the Po valley, Italy. Particle count measurements have been performed by Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer: number concentration for particles with diameter ranging between 10 to 700 nm are acquired each 120 seconds in the grounds of the University campus. PM2.5 is measured by TEOM-FDMS: the instrument estimates hourly particle weight concentration performing a correction for losses of semi-volatile particles collected on the sampling filter, whose temperature is kept at 30°C. The data analyzed in this study have been collected from February to August 2008. Daily and weekly pattern of total particle count, particle number size distribution and weight concentration have been investigated, along with meteorological data. Number concentration peaks resulted mostly related to morning and evening rush-hour traffic, particularly in winter; weight concentration resulted influenced both by anthropic activities and atmospheric dispersion conditions and shows a different diurnal pattern. Coagulation of finer particles occurs after evening rush-hour, mostly during wintertime. An analysis of the most and less polluted days of the investigated period has been performed, and the daily patterns of pollutants have been compared for both seasons.

2008 - Geostatistical methods for 3D pollutants mapping in site remediation [Abstract in Atti di Convegno]
Teggi, Sergio; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

Tridimensional (volume) spatial interpolation of soil pollutants concentrations or of other soil properties is a demanding phase of polluted site characterization. In this paper are presented the first steps of a research activity aimed to improve 3D spatialization using a geostatistical approach and information retrieved from satellite remote sensing images. The work done mainly consists in the implementation of a set of software tools for spatial correlation/variability (variogram) compute (experimental) and modeling (theoretical), for the data spatialization using Kriging interpolators, and for the validation (cross validation) of the results. These tools have been implemented in Fortran77 and MatLab® programming languages and are based on the GSLIB (Geostatistical Software Library) library. Besides the methodologies/ procedures above mentioned, an application to a real case is presented. The case study is an industrial area polluted by inorganic compounds and for which measures of Arsenic concentration obtained on samples collected at different locations and depths (196) area available. These data are first geostatistically studied, modeled (spatial variability), 3D interpolated using the ordinary Kriging method and validated.

2008 - PM2.5 monitoring in urban site (Modena, Italy) by TEOM [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Bigi, Alessandro; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Teggi, Sergio; Fabbi, Sara
abstract

A Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM, Rupprecht & Patashnick Co.) has been installed at the Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering at the University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia. The instrument allows automated and continuous measurement of weight concentration of airborne particulate matter; the inlet is provided with an EPA-standard PM10 head impactor and a PM2.5 sharp cut cyclone. The weighting microbalance is kept at 50°C in order to measure particulate matter in conditions of constant and low humidity and to avoid sampling artefacts from particle-bound water. Underestimation of PM concentration from TEOM measurements have been documented in the literature, due to particulate volatilisation caused by sensor heating. The instrumental equipment has been set up at a height of 9 m above the ground in the Faculty of Engineering building, with the inlet stretched 1 m outside the window and connected to the sensor unit by a 5 cm long conductive Tygon tube. From June 2007 continuous monitoring of PM2.5 has been ran, and since December 2007 the TEOM has been enhanced with a FDMS (Filter Dynamic Measurement System) device to correct PM underestimation of conventional TEOM. The University site can be considered representative of air quality of the residential background for the municipality of Modena: summer and autumn PM2.5 average hourly concentration resulted in 15.0 μg/m3 and 20.7 μg/m3 respectively. From recent FDMS measurements, underestimation of autumn PM can be roughly assessed in 33%.

2008 - Size distribution of sub micron atmospheric particles by DMA [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Bigi, Alessandro; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Teggi, Sergio; Fabbi, Sara
abstract

A Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) has been installed at the Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering at the University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia. The instrument allows automated and continuous measurement of number concentration of air suspended particulate matter within an electrical mobility diameter range of 10 to 800 nm. The DMA has been assembled at the Université Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France. The instrument is capable of operating in a scanning mode as a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and in stepwise mode as a Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS). In the SMPS mode measurements are completed in 2 minutes, whereas in DMPS mode, it takes about 10-12 minutes to complete a measurement over the complete diameter range. For this first testing period (March to May 2007) the DMA have been set up at a height of ~9m above the ground in the Faculty of Engineering building; the inlet have been equipped with a PM1 cyclone, stretched 1 m outside the window and shared with a TEOM instrument. Total particle number concentration and number size distribution spectra observed from March 19th to March 21st 2007 and from April 22nd to April 23rd 2007 are analysed in detail. Hourly variation of total particle concentration for the complete sampling period has been studied. Generally, concentration peaks resulted associated with rush hour during morning and with local meteorological conditions during evenings.

2008 - Uso di immagini telerilevate in supporto alla caratterizzazione e alla modellazione dei siti contaminati [Capitolo/Saggio]
Teggi, Sergio; Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Fabbi, Sara; Bogliolo, M. P.
abstract

La Parte IV del Decreto Legislativo 152 del 3 dicembre 2006 e le successive Direttive Tecniche redatte dall’ l’Agenzia per la Protezione dell’Ambiente e per i servizi Tecnici (APAT) fissano i criteri generali per la caratterizzazione dei siti contaminati. Varie parti di questi documenti riguardano settori per i quali i dati telerilevati da satellite o da aereo possono essere di grande utilità. Fra di essi si possono citare la descrizione delle componenti ambientali esterne al sito, la ricostruzione di storica del sito, la mappatura dei contaminanti e la modellazione usata nell’analisi di rischio. In questo studio l’uso di immagini telerilevate per gli scopi sopra citati è presentato e discusso. Ognuna di queste parti è corredata di applicazioni a scenari reali. Inoltre, nella parte iniziale viene fornita una panoramica sintetica dei principali sensori satellitari utilizzabili per questi scopi.

2007 - Geochemistry of mineral dust from epica dome c ice core: implication of dust source identification over the last two glacial cycles [Articolo su rivista]
F., Marino; D., Ceccato; Ghermandi, Grazia; Teggi, Sergio; V., Maggi; Cecchi, Rodolfo
abstract

THE WORK PRESENTS THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF MINERAL DUST COLLECTED FROM EPICA DOME C ICE CORE SAMPLES AND EVALUATES THE IMPLICATION OF DUST SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OVER THE LAST TWO GLACIAL CYCLES

2006 - Applicazione di tecniche innovative per la caratterizzazione e il monitoraggio di siti contaminati [Capitolo/Saggio]
Teggi, Sergio; Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo
abstract

Il numero di applicazioni ambientali nelle quali le immagini acquisite da piattaforma aerea o satellitare sono utilizzate è ormai elevato ed è in continua crescita. La risoluzione spaziale, il contenuto spettrale e i tempi di acquisizione hanno oggigiorno raggiunto livelli tali da consentire l’utilizzo dei dati telerilevati in settori quali il monitoraggio della qualità delle acque costiere e oceaniche, i fenomeni di deforestazione e alluvionali, i censimenti dell’uso del suolo e lo studio delle dinamiche urbane. E’ quindi abbastanza logico aspettarsi che queste tecniche possano essere impiegate anche in supporto alle attività di bonifica dei siti contaminati. In questo lavoro sono presentate due di queste possibili applicazioni centrate entrambe sull’estrazione di parametri superficiali da immagini telerilevate: la prima riguarda la caratterizzazione del sito; la seconda è pensata in supporto alla modellizzazione degli inquinanti in atmosfera, la quale è una delle fasi previste nell’analisi di rischio sanitario.

2006 - ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES EMITTED BY STABILIZED WASTES USING A LAGRANGIAN MODEL AND REMOTE SENSING DATA [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Teggi, Sergio; Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Fabbi, Sara
abstract

In this work the importance of the land cover-usage data retrieved by remote sensing images in support of air dispersion models is shown. Models for the simulation of the dispersion of pollutants emitted in atmosphere are considered very useful tools for studying, monitoring and managing the environment. One of the most important input for these models is the land cover-usage, that must be furnished for each cell of the computational grid. In general, this information is retrieved from shared data set that are not sufficiently upgraded and not enough spatially detailed in order to obtain an accurate simulation of atmospheric dispersion. In this frame, land usage-cover retrieved from remote sensing image could represent a very useful support. The AIR INDUSTRY dispersion package is used to model the atmospheric dispersion of the suspended particulate matter emitted from a disposal area located in the main landfill site of the city of Modena (Italy), using two different land cover-usage data set: that extracted from the European Corine Land Cover data base, and that obtained by the integration of the previous with information retrieved from a satellite image acquired by the ETM+ sensor. The comparison of the pollutant concentration fields obtained for the two cases shows important differences, both in the area interested by pollution and in concentration levels. Nevertheless, this work highlight also the necessity of making more tests, for different case studies, before drawing final conclusion.

2006 - ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION SIMULATION OF THE EMISSION FROM A TURBOGAS POWER PLANT USING LAGRANGIAN AND GAUSSIAN MODELS [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Teggi, Sergio; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Fabbi, Sara
abstract

In this work the comparison between two models for the simulation of the dispersion of pollutants emitted in atmosphere is performed. The case studied is the plume continuously emitted from a point source, the stack of a turbogas power plant sited in the Po Valley (Pianura Padana) in Italy : the spatial domain of the simulation is part of the Reggio Emilia district. In the investigated site very light winds (<2 m/s) frequently persist for long period, and this condition is not easily simulated by the most of dispersion models. In this work the performances of the ISC3 gaussian model and the SPRAY (AIR INDUSTRY dispersion package) lagrangian model are tested. The pollutant dispersion is simulated with both the models in different seasons, corresponding to typical atmospheric conditions (stable or unstable) and to winds speed higher or lower than 2 m/s. The used meteorological data set is obtained by the CALMET model at the ARPA-Emilia Romagna.

2006 - Energia: problemi e scelte di oggi per il futuro del pianeta [Esposizione]
Brunetti, Rossella; Cecchi, Rodolfo
abstract

PROMOTORIBiblioteca Civica Delfini e Biblioteca Scientifica Interdipartimentale (BSI) della Università di Modena e Reggio EmiliaDESTINATARIScuole superiori, quarte e quinte classiFINALITA’Per uno scienziato l'energia è ciò che muove o trasforma la materia, è la capacità di compiere un lavoro. L'energia può assumere forme diverse. Nel cibo, ad esempio, è immagazzinata l'energia chimica che il nostro corpo utilizza per il suo metabolismo. Le centrali elettriche e le pile forniscono energia elettrica. Il sole è la principale fonte di energia elettromagnetica sulla terra. Le pale eoliche, l'acqua che scorre, un'onda sonora convertono o trasportano energia meccanica. Nelle nostre case, i termosifoni e il forno producono energia termica. L'energia nucleare si libera quando si rompono o fondono i nuclei degli atomi.Disporre di energia a prezzi accessibili significa, oggi e sempre, garantirsi la possibilità di sviluppo, benessere, cultura, scienza. La ricerca scientifica e tecnologica ci mostra che oggi ci sono diverse possibilità e definisce gli scenari possibili per un futuro molto prossimo. I governi sono quindi chiamati a prendere decisioni consapevoli e sostenibili: i problemi dell’energia vanno affrontati con anticipo perchè i cambiamenti richiedono tempo.Mai come per il problema delle scelte energetiche è richiesta una corretta informazione e la formazione di una opinione pubblica consapevole e cosciente. Lo scopo di questo progetto è avvicinare i ragazzi al mondo della ricerca scientifica, formare interessi e capacità critiche nei confronti della letteratura di divulgazione e, più in generale, dei codici di comunicazione della scienza contemporanea. Il progetto intende anche promuovere un ruolo “attivo” dei giovani nel processo di disseminazione dei progressi della conoscenza chiedendo loro di scrivere un breve articolo, cimentandosi in prima persona con la difficoltà di spiegare in modo breve e semplice concetti a volte complessi.Alle classi partecipanti sarà proposto di lavorare su alcuni testi divulgativi riguardanti i problemi attuali legati alle fonti di energia convenzionali e al presente e futuro nell’ambito delle fonti di energia alternative, con approfondimenti possibili sul presente e futuro impatto delle scelte energetiche su ambiente, salute e cultura umana e sviluppo industriale.ORGANIZZATORICinzia Pollicelli, Angela Pacillo (Biblioteca Civica Delfini)Rossella Brunetti (BSI e Dip. di Fisica, UniMoRe), Franca Manghi (Dip. Fisica, UniMoRe)Giannantonio Battistuzzi, Ulderico Segre (Dip. di Chimica, UniMoRe)Modalità di PRENOTAZIONEwww.comune.modena.it/istruzione/itinerariNumero chiuso con prenotazione obbligatoria (5 classi).CARATTERISTICHEINCONTRO tra organizzatori, insegnanti e alcuni rappresentanti degli studenti(BSI, ottobre 2007)Informazioni preliminari e coordinamento sull’iter del progetto per i docenti e gli studenti rappresentanti di classe delle classi partecipantiINCONTRO 2 tra organizzatori, insegnanti e studenti partecipanti(Auditorium LiceoScientifico Tecnologico Corni, 22/10/ 2007)Lezione introduttiva del Dott. Piero Angela dal titolo: “Energia: la resa dei conti”, presentazione delle letture proposte agli studenti:P. Angela e L. Pinna:”Energia: la sfida del secolo”, Mondatori (2006), testo base una copia per studenteN. Armaroli, V. Balzani: “Energia oggi e domani: prospettive, sfide, speranze”, Bonomia Univ. Press (2004), una copia per classe.Le Scienze: Energia la resa dei conti, novembre 2006, una copia per classe.INCONTRO 3 (FACOLTATIVO)Conferenza serale sul tema Energia del Dott. Piero Angela, aperta alla cittadinanza.(Auditorium Fondaz. Marco Biagi, Modena)LABORATORIO in classe guidato dagli insegnati di fisica e di lettere(a Scuola, novembre 2007-febbraio 2008)Approfondimenti in classe, a partire dai volumi distribuiti in lettura e dagli spunti offerti dalla lezione introduttiva. Ispirandosi ai modelli del giornalismo scientifico, gli studen

2005 - Internal/external mixing of aerosol particles elemental composition retrieved from microPIXE and PIXE [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Lusvarghi, Luca; P., Laj; S., Zappoli; D., Ceccato
abstract

A statistical evaluation of the association between different elements contained in atmospheric aerosol particles has been made using the microPIXE technique. We derived elemental maps of Al, Si, S, Ca, Cl, K, Fe, Mg spatial distribution on the surface of a Nuclepore filter sample. The microPIXE measurements are validated by comparison to conventional PIXE and SEM-EDAX. Then, the spatial coherence of the different elements is analysed using statistical methods. The elements are not homogeneously distributed and the association among specific elements can be identified. MicroPIXE and factorial analysis can be coupled to understand the state of mixing of the different elements on the filter surface.

2005 - PIXE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF MINERAL DUST FROM EPICA ICE CORE [Articolo su rivista]
F., Marino; Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Teggi, Sergio; V., Maggi
abstract

THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF MINERAL DUST COLLECTED FROM EPICA ICE CORE SAMPLES HAS BEEN DETERMINED BY MEANS OF PIXE ANALYSIS

2004 - Element size distribution in urban aerosol: PIXE measurements and multivariate analysis [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Teggi, Sergio
abstract

Aerosol samples were collected in Modena (Italy) in July 2002 with an inertial 12-stage impactor (SDI) in a urban sampling station at street level where the meteorological parameters were continuously monitored. Concentrations of S, Na, Cl, Al, P, Mg, K, Ca, V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and also trace of Pd, Rh and Pt were determined in the aerosol samples by means of PIXE technique. Size distribution curves for each element were obtained, and modal parameters identified. The elements were classified depending on their prevalent source, natural and anthropogenic. The origin of the sampled air masses suggested by their elemental content was compared with the meteorological conditions and backward trajectories evaluated with the HYSPLIT4 model by NOAA. The results agree with the element association determined by principal component analyses of the PIXE data. The enrichment factors of the measured elements generally confirmed the prevalent marine or continental origin of thesampled air masses.

2004 - SI,FE,TI IN ATMOSPHERIC DUST OVER THE LAST 220 KYRS FROM EPICA ICE CORE [Articolo su rivista]
F., Marino; Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Teggi, Sergio; V., Maggi
abstract

CONCENTRATION OF SI,FE,TI DETERMINED BY PIXE IN ATMOSPHERIC DUST COLLECTED FROM EPICA ICE CORE SAMPLES, SPANNING OVER THE LAST 220 KYRS, ARE PRESENTED

2004 - Time behaviour of metals in the leachate of a pretreated solid waste landfill [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Teggi, Sergio
abstract

Two pilot landfills were activated at the Dept. of Hydraulics, Transportation and Roads of Rome (Italy): one was filled by organic fraction of solid urban waste and incineration residues and the other only by organic fraction of solid urban waste. They were periodically monitored and their leachate sampled for metal concentration analyses. Cr, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn concentrations were measured by PIXE technique (at the National Lab. of Legnaro, Padua, Italy) in the leachate samples collected from the pilot landfills during their activity. The experimentation was carried on up to the landfills stabilization, up to 200 and 600 days respectively The metal concentration profiles versus time were compared with the pH and COD behaviour, monitored in the leachate over the same time interval. The acid phase and the methane fermentation were identified in the pilot landfill evolution. The metal concentrations follow substantially the trend expected for a generalized real landfill evolution, over more longer time. The presence of basic incineration waste affects the pH and the metal concentration behaviour in the leachate, even if the acide phase duration is reduced.

2004 - USO DI IMMAGINI TELERILEVATE IN SUPPORTO A MISURE DI PARTICOLATO ATMOSFERICO DA STAZIONI A TERRA [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Teggi, Sergio; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; M. P., Bugliolo
abstract

IMMAGINI TELERILEVATE SONO USATE IN SUPPORTO A MISURE DI PARTICOLATO ATMOSFERICO EFFETTUATE DA STAZIONI A TERRA E SI E' SPERIMENTATA L'INFLUENZA DEL METODO DI ORTORETTIFICA.

2003 - ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION DETERMINED BY PIXE ANALYSIS OF THE INSOLUBLE AEROSOL PARTICLES IN EPICA-DOME C ICE CORE SAMPLES REPRESENTING THE LAST 27000 YEARS [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; M., Capotosto; F., Marino
abstract

107 samples from the first 581 m of the EPICA ice core, Dome C, East Antarctica, representing a 27000 year record, were analysed by the PIXE technique. The concentrations of several elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe) were determined in the insoluble particles, collected by filtration from the melted ice samples. The average elemental ratios for Holocene and LGM are in agreement with continental crust values. The element depositional fluxes, evaluated from PIXE concentration data by means of the EPICA ice accumulation rate, are smaller in the Holocene than during Glacial times, confirming the differences in dust loads in the atmosphere during the contrasting climatic conditions. In Holocene, the fraction of the insoluble particle mass (estimated as the sum of the measured element oxides) agrees well with the total dust mass as determined from Coulter Counter measurements, but during the LGM the particle counting shows a larger dust mass.

2003 - Remote sensing for landfill investigations [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Teggi, Sergio; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; M. P., Bogliolo
abstract

REMOTE SENSING IS APPLIED FOR LANDFILL INVESTIGATIONS.

2003 - The PIXE (Proton-Induced X-rays Emission) Analytical technique to detect insoluble atmospheric microparticles achieved in the EPICA-dome C ice core (Antarctica): paleoclimatic implications [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
F., Marino; V., Maggi; Ghermandi, Grazia; D., Ceccato; Cecchi, Rodolfo
abstract

Element concentration records determined by PIXE in EPICA ice core are in agreement with the principal variations during the different climatic periods and the total dust mass.

2003 - TIME BEHAVIOUR OF METALS IN THE LEACHATE OF A PRETREATED SOLID WASTE LANDFILL [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Teggi, Sergio
abstract

THE TIME BEHAVIOUR OF METAL CONCENTRATION DETERMINED BY PIXE IN THE LEACHATE SAMPLES FROM A PRETREATED SOLID WASTE LANDFILL IS PRESENTED

2003 - TM and IRS-1C-PAN data fusion using multiresolution decomposition methods based on the ‘a tròus’ algorithm [Articolo su rivista]
Teggi, Sergio; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Serafini, F.
abstract

Images fusion represents an important tool for remote sensing data elaborations. This technique is used for many purposes. Very often it is used to produce improved spatial resolution. The most common situation is represented by a pair of images: the first acquired by a multispectral sensor with a pixel size greater than the pixel size of the second image given by a panchromatic sensor. Starting from these images fusion produces a new multispectral image with a spatial resolution equal, or close to that of the panchromatic sensor. Very often fusion introduces important distortions on the pixel spectra. This fact could compromise the extraction of information from the image, especially when using an automatic algorithm based on spectral signature such as in the case of image classification. In this work we present the analysis of two fusion methods based on multiresolution decomposition obtained using the “a tròus” algorithm and applied to a pair of images acquired by TM and IRS-1C-PAN sensors. The methods studied are also compared with two classical fusion methods, the IHS and the SPC. Fused results are studied and compared using various tests including supervised classification. Most of the tests used have been extracted from literature regarding the assessment of spatial and spectral quality of fused images. This study show that the methods based on multiresolution decomposition outperform the classical fusion methods considered with respect to spectral content preservation. Moreover, it is shown that some of the quality tests are more significant than others. The discussion of this last aspect furnishes important indications for data quality assessment methods.

2002 - A NEW ANALYTICAL POURPOSE TO STUDY THE IMPACT OF WATER POTABILIZATION ON HUMIC SUBSTANCE ACTIVITY [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Teggi, Sergio; Am, Stortini
abstract

The paper presents a a new analytical pourpose based on the evaluation of humic substance activity as trace element scavenger in the study of the effect of water potabilization systems.

2002 - Analysis of urban aerosol sampled in Modena, Italy, with an inertial multistage impactor [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Teggi, Sergio
abstract

Element concentrations determined by PIXE in aerosol samples collected in urban area by means of a inertial multistage impactor are presented.

2002 - Caratterizzazione di aerosol urbano a Modena con Impattore inerziale multistadio [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; E., Benedetti; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Teggi, Sergio
abstract

Il lavoro descrive i risultati ottenuti analizzando con tecnica PIXE campioni di aerosol raccolti con un impattore inerziale multistadio (SDI) in sito urbano (Modena, ITALIA)

2002 - DISINFECTION PROCESS IMPACT ON WATER QUALITY IN AN AQUEDUCT DISTRIBUTION NET [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; A. M., Stortini; Teggi, Sergio
abstract

A NEW PROCEDURE IS PRESENTED TO EVALUATE THE DISINFECTION PROCESS IMPACT ON WATER QUALITY IN AN AQUEDUCT DISTRIBUTION NET

2002 - PIXE analysis of urban aerosol sampled with an inertial multi-stage impactor [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Teggi, Sergio; E., Benedetti
abstract

PIXE ANALYSIS OF URBAN AEROSOL SAMPLES COLLECTED WITH AN INERTIAL 12-STAGE IMPACTOR IN THE PARTICLE SIZE RANGE 8-0.04 MICRON IS PRESENTED

2002 - Remote sensing images for environmental applications [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Teggi, Sergio; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

In this work we present two examples of how information extracted from images acquired by imaging radiometers (remote sensing), installed on board of satellites, is used in support of local territory management. In the first case, the remote sensing images used were acquired over the district of Modena (Italy) by the Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor, on board of Landsat5 satellite, and by the panchromatic sensor of the IRS-1C satellite. The images were used to build a georeferenced map showing urban details, validated to the 1:10000 scale that can be inserted in the cartographic data set used for regional planning to the 1:25000 scale. In the second example we describe an experiment, still under progress, concerning the employment of remote sensing images for forest inventory of the Modena territory. The images considered were acquired by the Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+, Landsat7 satellite) sensor and by the Ikonos sensor (Ikonos satellite). In this case the images are used to produce thematic maps of vegetation (forests in particular). The objective of the experiment is to furnish indications regarding the capability of the two sensors in mapping vegetation in the specific area and the most appropriate methods of images elaboration for the evaluation of the thematic maps. At the moment, being the experiment under progress, the only consideration that we can furnish, taking into account the needs of the local users of the vegetation maps, is that the maps extracted from Ikonos images, have a spatial scale suitable for many applications, but it contains few vegetation classes. On the contrary, classifications obtained from ETM+ data contain various classes of vegetation, but it coarser spatial scale restricts their use. The final results and considerations of this work will be available, and then presented, during the meeting.

2001 - TRACE ELEMENT BEHAVIOUR IN DRINKING WATER DURING THE DISINFECTION PROCESS [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Am, Stortini; Lombroso, Luca; Teggi, Sergio
abstract

THE TRACE ELEMENT BEHAVIOUR DEREMINED BY PIXE ANALYSIS IN DRINKING WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED DURING THE DISINFECTION PROCESS IS PRESENTED

2000 - DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS IN ICE CORE SAMPLES OF THE LAST 30000 YEARS [Abstract in Rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; M., Capotosto
abstract

The concentrations of several elements ( Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca Ti, Cr, Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) were measured in the insoluble fraction of ice samples from an Anctartic ice core of about 700 m depth. The insoluble particles were collected by filtration from melted samples. The element concentrations were determined by PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) with measurement errors generally lower than 10%. The concentration trends were related to temperature profile, obtained from the behavior of D (that dated about 30000 years over the core), to compare the climate variability with the precipitation composition.

2000 - PIXE ANALYSIS OF MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN ANTARCTIC ICE SAMPLES FROM EPICA [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; M., Capotosto; Lombroso, Luca
abstract

MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN DETERMINED BY PIXE IN ANTARCTIC ICE SAMPLES FROM EPICA ICE CORE.

2000 - PIXE ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT [Capitolo/Saggio]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

A review of PIXE technique application in the study of marine environment is presented : sample treatment and experimental set up for the analyses of marine aerosol, marine water, sedimet and pore water specimen are described.

2000 - POTENZIALITA' DELLA TECNICA PIXE NELLO STUDIO DELLA DISTRIBUZIONE DEGLI ELEMENTI IN TRACCE IN LAGUNA DI VENEZIA [Capitolo/Saggio]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

Il lavoro descrive le metodologie messe a punto per applicare la tecnica PIXE nello studio del sistema lagunare veneziano.

1999 - Elemental and mineral characterisation of coastal antarctic aerosols in snow using PIXE and SEM-EDAX [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; P., Laj; M., Capotosto; Cecchi, Rodolfo; C., Riontino
abstract

The chemical constituents of snow from a 3 m pit sampled at a coastal Antarctic site were characterised by means of PIXE and SEM-EDAX. Oxygen isotope dating revealed that the pit spanned an 8-year period. from 1986 to 1994. Concentrations measured by PIXE ranged from less than 1 ng g(-1) of H2O for Cu, and Zn to several tens of ng g(-1) for Si, S and Cl. The major elements found were Si, S, Al, and Na, which contributed more than 75% of the element loading. Snow layers with elevated Cl concentration were regularly found along the pit. The mineralogy of the insoluble particles determined by SEM-EDAX analyses showed that quartz, plagioclase and clays were the prevalent minerals. The proportion of each element in the insoluble phase was comparable with that previously found in similar studies. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

1999 - FACTOR ANALYSIS APPLIED TO MICRO-PIXE MEASUREMENTS OF AEROSOL SAMPLES [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Lusvarghi, Luca
abstract

FACTOR ANALYSIS IS APPLIED TO MICRO-PIXE MEASUREMENTS OF AEROSOL SAMPLES TO STUDY MIXING OF AEROSOL PARTICLE COMPOSITION

1999 - SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF ELEMENTS AND MINERALS IN COASTAL ANTARCTIC AEROSOLS BY MEANS OF PIXE AND SEM-EDAX ANALYSES OF SNOW SAMPLES [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; P., Laj; M., Capotosto; Cecchi, Rodolfo; C., Riontino; Lombroso, Luca
abstract

SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF ELEMENTS AND MINERAL CONCENTRATION IN COASTAL ANTARCTIC AEROSOLS IS DETERMINED BY MEANS OF PIXE AND SEM-EDAX ANALYSES OF SNOW SAMPLES COLLECTED DURING PNRA CAMPAIGN

1998 - ENVIRONMENT AND NEW PROFESSIONAL EXPERTISE: THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND TERRITORIAL ENGINEER [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

THE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY INVOLVES NEW PROFESSIONAL EXPERTISE: THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND TERRITORIAL ENGINEER IS DISCUSSED

1998 - PIXE APPLICATION IN THE STUDY OF POLLUTANT ENRICHMENT IN MARINE AEROSOLS [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; A. M., Stortini; Lombroso, Luca
abstract

POLLUTANT ENRICHMENT IN MARINE AEROSOLS IS STUDIED BY MEANS OF PIXE MEASUREMENTS OF AEROSOL SAMPLES FROM SEA WATER

1997 - Distribution Models of Pollutants in the Marine Environment [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

Major, minor and trace chemical components are involved in marine geochemical cycles. This work is also focused on the development and applications of analytical techniques for accurate determination of element concentration in seawater, and on the effect of pollution on the marine environment, since small quantities of other elements may have a significant influence on global chemical cycling.

1997 - Distribution of Ca, Fe, K, and S between soluble and insoluble material in the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core [Articolo su rivista]
P., Laj; Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; V., Maggi; C., Riontino; S. M., Hong; J. P., Candelone; C., Boutron
abstract

We have developed an original method coupling particle induced X ray emission and scanning electron microscope/X ray dispersive analysis in order to characterize the partitioning of Fe, Ca, K, and S between the soluble and the insoluble phases in wind-blown deposits in the Greenland ice. We applied this technique to several sections of the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. We found that the dominant fraction (from 25 to 100%) of Ca and S deposited in Greenland is soluble, while the proportion of soluble material is lower for K and Fe (between 10 and 80%). For all elements the distribution between soluble and insoluble material varies according to the ice-core depth. The distribution appears to be linked to either meteorological factors, such as temperature or pH of the precipitation (in the case of Ca or S), or the alterability of the mineral assemblages found in the ice (in the case of Fe and K). The fraction of soluble material is therefore linked to the characteristics of source origin (S is predominantly emitted in very soluble forms) and to the dissolution of certain minerals (such as calcium carbonate or Fe-oxides) during transport in the atmosphere. The dynamics of alteration processes is, however, still uncertain, especially for K-containing minerals.

1997 - STUDY OF URBAN AEROSOL BY MEANS OF PIXE AND MICRO-PIXE [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; Lombroso, Luca; Lusvarghi, Luca
abstract

URBAN AEROSOL COMPOSITION IS STUDIED BY MEANS OF PIXE AND MICRO-PIXE

1996 - Coupling PIXE and SEM/EDAX for characterizing atmospheric aerosols in ice-cores [Articolo su rivista]
P., Laj; Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; D., Ceccato
abstract

The atmospheric aerosol plays a key role in controlling the Earth's climatic system. This climatic forcing is related to its dimension and chemical composition and therefore, understanding temporal and spatial fluctuations related to changing environmental conditions is a key step in assessing future climatic change. The atmosphere's chemical constituents are deposited onto polar ice sheets, and conserved by accumulation of snow layers. Drillings in Greenland and Antarctica have provided long-term records of atmospheric constituents spanning the last 150 000 years. Within the framework of the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP), we have developed a methodology coupling PIXE to SEM-EDAX analysis for the characterization of the aerosols deposited in polar precipitation. In this paper, we present initial results on soluble/insoluble speciation for both Antarctic and Greenland samples. This study provides new information in the interpretation of ice core paleo-environmental records.

1996 - EMISSIONE X INDOTTA DA PROTONI [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

IL LAVORO DESCRIVE IL PRINCIPIO FISICO, LE POTENZIALITA' E LE APPLICAZIONI DELLA TECNICA PIXE

1996 - GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN VENICE LAGOON BY PIXE TECHNIQUE: AN OVERVIEW [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; R., Zonta
abstract

The work is a review of the investigation carried on for about ten years on the study of the distribution of pollutant metals in Venice lagoon system by means of PIXE technique for sediment, pore water and surface water sample analysis.

1996 - PALEOCLIMATIC STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS IN ICE CORE [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; P., Laj; Lombroso, Luca
abstract

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL COMPOSITION IS DETERMINED FROM PIXE ANALYSIS OF ICE CORE SAMPLES TO SUPPORT PALEOCLIMATIC STUDY

1996 - Procedures of target preparation to improve PIXE efficiency in environmental research [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; P., Laj
abstract

The capability of the PIXE technique to investigate trace elements in the environment (non-living phases) can be improved by suitable target preparation procedures. This work describes the methodologies performed to apply PIXE in the study of a coastal lagoon ecosystem, with fresh and sea water, surface bottom sediment and pore water analysis, and to approach glaciochemical research, with analysis of atmospheric aerosols deposited in firn and ice.

1996 - Toxic levels of selenium in enzymes and selenium uptake in tissues of a marine fish [Articolo su rivista]
L., Tallandini; Cecchi, Rodolfo; S., Deboni; S., Galassini; Ghermandi, Grazia; G., Gialanella; N. Q., Liu; R., Moro; M., Turchetto; Y. X., Zhang
abstract

Acute toxicity of selenium as selenite in Zosterisessor ophiocephalus by ip injection was studied. The 50% lethal dose and 50% lethal time were measured to be 0.29 ppm and 96 h, respectively. Se concentrations in liver, gill, skin and muscle, and Cyt. P450 level, Se-GPx, and Total GPx enzyme activities in liver were also assessed at different doses and times after injection. Starting at 0.3 ppm injected dose, enzyme activities and Se concentration in tissues, but not in muscle, showed significant differences from the control group. A threshold behavior was inferred. Normal conditions of enzyme activities and Se concentration in tissues were restored about 1 wk after injection. Biological elimination half-lives were about 2 d for liver and gill, and 5 d for skin.

1995 - DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH OF FISAMB MO PIXE GROUP [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; M., Capotosto; Cecchi, Rodolfo; P., Laj; Lombroso, Luca
abstract

THE DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH ACTIVITY AT LNL OF FISAMB MO PIXE GROUP ARE PRESENTED

1995 - SOME TYPICAL ASPECTS OF WATER CIRCULATION AND MIXING IN AN ESTUARY OF THE VENICE LAGOON [Abstract in Rivista]
R., Zonta; L., Zaggia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; S., Raccanelli; S., Vazzoler; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

THE WORK DESCRIBES SOME TYPICAL ASPECTS OF WATER CIRCULATION AND MIXING IN AN ESTUARY OF THE VENICE LAGOON

1994 - A filtration system for the size separation of fresh water samples [Articolo su rivista]
R., Zonta; Cecchi, Rodolfo; F., Costa; F., Simionato; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

A system to filter freshwater samples in situ in the field is described, using polycarbonate membranes. It was developed and tested with respect to the conventional filtration method, both for its efficiency and for the effect on for its efficiency and for the effect on heavy metal concentrations in the filtrates. A marked reduction of filtration time is obtained and the possibility to carry out one stage filtrations that otherwise would need the filter to be changed. PIXE analysis generally shows an increase of heavy metal concentrations in the filtrates; this is accompanied by a smaller data spread in sub-samples obtained by repeated filtrations, indicating a higher capability in maintaining the nominal membrane pore size during operations, which produces a better dimensional selection. The system is suitable to perform immediate filtration of numerous fresh water samples to be treated in heavy metal pollution assessments.

1994 - Heavy metals distribution in pore water of the Cona marsh: a preliminary investigation on surface sediment [Articolo su rivista]
C., Zago; F., Costa; L., Zaggia; R., Zonta; Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo
abstract

The work describes the results of a preliminary investigation on surface sediment of the Cona marsh (Venice lagoon) ; heavy metal concentration in pore water extracted from sediment samples has been determined by PIXE analysis.

1994 - PIXE ANALYSIS OF PORE WATER TO STUDY TRACE METAL DISTRIBUTION IN BOTTOM SEDIMENT CORES FROM VENICE LAGOON [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; Lombroso, Luca
abstract

PIXE ANALYSIS OF PORE WATER ARE PERFORMED TO STUDY TRACE METAL DISTRIBUTION IN BOTTOM SEDIMENT CORES AND EXCHANGE WITH SURFACE WATER IN VENICE LAGOON

1993 - TRACE ELEMENTS IN POLAR ICE. INVESTIGATION OF THEIR PAST VARIATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; P., Laj; Lombroso, Luca
abstract

The past variation of trace element concentration in atmosphere is studied by PIXE analysis of polar ice samples.

1993 - Trace metal behaviour during fresh and salt water mixing in the Venice Lagoon [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; D., Campolieti; Cecchi, Rodolfo; F., Costa; L., Zaggia; R., Zonta
abstract

Preliminary results of an investigation on trace metals behaviour in the estuarine system of the Dese River (Venice Lagoon) are described. Hydrodynamical and water chemical-physical measurements and PIXE concentrations analysis on size-fractionated samples emphasize the complexity of the processes occurring in the area of salt and fresh water mixing. Suspended load variations in the bottom layer of the water column, which may be mostly ascribed to resuspension, regulate the trace metal concentrations and seem to play a fundamental role in the transport of pollutants in shallow water areas of the estuary. The behaviour of dissolved metals is masked by the presence of suspended matter, but some relationships with chemical-physical variables are distinguishable, furnishing information on the processes affecting their concentration in the system.

1992 - INDAGINE PRELIMINARE SULLA DISTRIBUZIONE DEI METALLI PESANTI NELL'ACQUA INTERSTIZIALE DEI SEDIMENTI DELLA PALUDE DI CONA (LAGUNA DI VENEZIA) [Abstract in Rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; C., Zago; Cecchi, Rodolfo; F., Costa; R., Zonta
abstract

IL LAVORO DESCRIVE L'INDAGINE PRELIMINARE SVOLTA CON LA TECNICA PIXE SULLA DISTRIBUZIONE DEI METALLI PESANTI NELL'ACQUA INTERSTIZIALE DEI SEDIMENTI DELLA PALUDE DI CONA (LAGUNA DI VENEZIA)

1992 - INVESTIGATION ON DISSOLVED AND SUSPENDED HEAVY METALS OF THE DESE RIVER (VENICE LAGOON) [Abstract in Rivista]
L., Zaggia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; F., Simionato; R., Zonta
abstract

THE INVESTIGATION ON DISSOLVED AND SUSPENDED HEAVY METALS OF THE DESE RIVER (VENICE LAGOON) DEREMINED BY PIXE IS DESCRIBED

1992 - THE STUDY OF ANTARCTIC ICE BY MEANS OF PIXE TECHNIQUE: AN APPLICATION PERFORMED BY FISAMB-MO GROUP IN 1991 [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; D., Campolieti; Ghermandi, Grazia; Lombroso, Luca
abstract

The work describes the experimental set-up and the target preparation performed for PIXE analysis of ice samples.

1991 - FISAMB-MO ACTIVITY IN 1990: METHODOLOGICAL PROGRESS AND PIXE APPLICATION TO STUDY SEDIMENTATION IN VENICE LAGOON [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; V., Dallari; Ghermandi, Grazia; Lombroso, Luca
abstract

THE WORK DESCRIBES THE METHODOLOGICAL PROGRESS AND THE PIXE APPLICATION OF THE RESEARCH GROUP IN THE STUDY OF SEDIMENTATION PHENOMENA IN VENICE LAGOON

1991 - TRACE AND ULTRATRACE ELEMENTS DETERMINED BY PIXE IN NATURAL WATERS AND SEDIMENTS TO STUDY POLLUTANT DISTRIBUTION AND THEIR TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

The work describes systems, devices and methods for environmental research by means of PIXE technique.

1991 - Trace metal distribution in aquatic systems studied by PIXE analysis of water and sediment [Articolo su rivista]
Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; F., Costa; R., Zonta
abstract

The PIXE technique is used to measure trace metal concentrations in water and sediment samples collected in the Venice Lagoon (northern Italy) to investigate pollution progress and metal distribution mechanisms. The metal enrichment in suspended particulates has been evaluated in a test area of the Lagoon, along the stream of an inflowing river and at its mouth, in order to study the effect of water mixing and retarded hydrodynamics on metal transfer and sedimentation phenomena.

1990 - PIXE ANALYSIS TO STUDY METAL DIFFUSION AND SEDIMENTATION PHENOMENA IN VENICE LAGOON [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; R., Zonta
abstract

A chemical procedure to prepare thin targets from surface water, pore water and leached sediment samples for PIXE analysis is performed and applied to Venice lagoon system study.

1990 - PROGRESS IN PIXE ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

THE WORK REFERS THE PROGRESS OF THE PIXE RESEARCH GROUP IN THE ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

1990 - SELENIUM LEVELS ( AS DETERMINED BY PIXE ) AND METABOLIC EFFECTS AFTER SELENIUM EXPOSURE IN MARINE FISH [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
L., Talladini; M., Turchetto; S., Galassini; Q. X., Liu; H. R., Shao; G. Moschini R., Moro; G., Gialanella; Ghermandi, Grazia; Cecchi, Rodolfo; J., Injuk; V., Valkovic
abstract

The study reports results on Se acute toxicity bioaccumulation and biochemical interactions in marine fish after Na2SeO3 intraperitoneal iniection.

1990 - SPECTRE: A program for ultra trace PIXE analysis of thin targets [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; M. G., Ferrari; Ghermandi, Grazia; M., Rossi
abstract

The SPECTRE program for PIXE data handling is described: it is based mainly on experimental parameters both in spectrum shape modelling and line intensity and transmission effect evaluation.

1989 - APPLICAZIONE DELLA TECNICA PIXE NEL CONTROLLO SISTEMATICO DEL TRASPORTO E DELL'ACCUMULO DI INQUINANTI NELLA LAGUNA DI VENEZIA [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; F., Costa; Ghermandi, Grazia; S., Vazzoler; R., Zonta
abstract

VIENE DESCRITTA UNA APPLICAZIONE DELLA TECNICA PIXE NEL CONTROLLO SISTEMATICO DEL TRASPORTO E DELL'ACCUMULO DI INQUINANTI NELLA LAGUNA DI VENEZIA

1989 - LE CONDIZIONI AMBIENTALI NELLE ZONE MARGINALI DELLA LAGUNA DI VENEZIA [Abstract in Rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; F., Costa; Ghermandi, Grazia; S., Vazzoler; R., Zonta
abstract

IL LAVORO DESCRIVE L'APPLICAZIONE DELLA TECNICA PIXE NELLO STUDIO DELLE CONDIZIONI AMBIENTALI NELLE ZONE MARGINALI DELLA LAGUNA DI VENEZIA

1989 - NATURAL WATER AND SEDIMENT PIXE ANALYSIS IN POLLUTANT CIRCULATION CHECKING: TRACE METAL MEASURE AND DATA REDUCTION [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; M. G., Ferrari; Ghermandi, Grazia; M., Rossi
abstract

NATURAL WATER AND SEDIMENT PIXE ANALYSIS SUPPORTS POLLUTANT CIRCULATION STUDY: TRACE METAL MEASUREMENTS AND DATA REDUCTION SYSTEM ARE DISCUSSED

1989 - NATURALLY OCCURRING LEVELS OF ELEMENTS IN FISHES AS DETERMINED BY PIXE AND XRF METHODS [Articolo su rivista]
L., Tallandini; F., Giacobini; M., Turchetto; S., Galassini; Q. X., Liu; H. R., Sharo; G., Moschini; R., Moro; G., Gialanella; J., Injuk; V., Valkovic; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

THE NATURALLY OCCURRING LEVELS OF ELEMENTS IN FISHES ARE DETERMINED BY PIXE AND XRF METHODS

1989 - NATURALLY OCCURRING LEVELS OF ELEMENTS IN FISHES AS DETERMINED BY PIXE AND XRF METHODS [Articolo su rivista]
L., Tallandini; F., Giacobini; M., Turchetto; S., Galassini; Q. X., Liu; H. R., Sharo; G., Moschini; R., Moro; G., Gialanella; J., Injuk; V., Valkovic; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

Naturally occurring levels of elements in fishes are evaluated by PIXE and XRF in order to study element up take by fishes from polluted natural waters.

1989 - PIXE ANALYSIS OF WATERS IN CHECKING POLLUTANT TRANSFER IN SHALLOW WATERS [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; R., Zonta
abstract

Heavy metal concentration, mesured by means of PIXE technique in sea water samples, are used as a "tracer" for a transefr modelling.

1988 - A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS OF THE CONA TIDAL MARSH (VENICE LAGOON) [Articolo su rivista]
S., Bernardi; Cecchi, Rodolfo; F., Costa; Ghermandi, Grazia; S., Vazzoler; R., Zonta
abstract

The paper presents the correlation between heavy metals concentration in surface bottom sediments of Venice lagoon and polluted souce sites.

1988 - HEAVY METALS IN A SHALLOW ESTUARY OF THE VENICE LAGOON [Abstract in Rivista]
E., Argese; Cecchi, Rodolfo; F., Costa; Ghermandi, Grazia; G., Perin; P., Traverso; S., Vazzoler; R., Zonta
abstract

HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IS DETERMINED BY PIXE IN A SHALLOW ESTUARY OF THE VENICE LAGOON

1988 - PIXE ANALYSIS OF WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES TO SUPPORT POLLUTANT TRANSFER MODELLING [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS RESULTING FROM PIXE ANALYSIS OF WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES ARE USED TO SUPPORT POLLUTANT TRANSFER MODELLING

1987 - I METALLI PESANTI NEI SEDIMENTI SUPERFICIALI DI UN ESTUARIO IN ACQUE BASSE NELLA LAGUNA DI VENEZIA. CONSIDERAZIONI SULL`IMPOSTAZIONE DI UN MODELLO DI SEDIMENTAZIONE E RIMOBILIZZAZIONE [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
S., Bernardi; Cecchi, Rodolfo; F., Costa; Ghermandi, Grazia; S., Vazzoler; R., Zonta
abstract

Il lavoro esamina la distribuzione di metalli pesanti misurati con tecnica PIXE nel sedimento di fondale di una zona estuarina in laguna di Venezia.

1987 - LAGUNA DI VENEZIA: STUDIO DI PROCESSI DI TRASPORTO, DIFFUSIONE E SEDIMENTAZIONE DI INQUINANTI. CARATTERISTICHE IDROLOGICHE E CHIMICO FISICHE DI UNA ZONA TEST [Abstract in Rivista]
S., Bernardi; F., Costa; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; S., Vazzoler; R., Zonta
abstract

LO STUDIO DI PROCESSI DI TRASPORTO, DIFFUSIONE E SEDIMENTAZIONE DI INQUINANTI IN LAGUNA DI VENEZIA VIENE FOCALIZZATO SULLE CARATTERISTICHE IDROLOGICHE E CHIMICO FISICHE DI UNA ZONA TEST, AVVALENDOSI DELLA TECNICA PIXE.

1987 - ULTRATRACE PIXE ANALYSIS IN WATER WITH LOW SELECTIVE METAL PRECONCENTRATION AT VARIOUS PH [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; G., Calvelli
abstract

A procedure is described for the preparation of trace and ultratrace targets for PIXE analysis from water samples.

1986 - CALIBRATION PIXE MEASUREMENTS OF HEAVY METALS IN SOLUTIONS AT ULTRATRACE CONCENTRATIONS [Articolo su rivista]
E., Bellei; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

PIXE MEASUREMENTS OF HEAVY METALS IN SOLUTIONS AT ULTRATRACE CONCENTRATIONS ARE USED TO CALIBRATE THE EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

1986 - PIXE ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN WATERS AT SUB-PPB LEVELS [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; G., Calvelli; P., Mittner
abstract

The paper describes a preconcentration technique suitable for PIXE analysis of heavy metals in water samples at sub-ppb levels

1986 - THE USE OF ACCELERATORS IN ENVIROMENTAL STUDY [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

The work dscribes the capability of PESA, PIGE and PIXE techniques when applied in environmental research.

1986 - TRASFERIMENTO DI ACQUA DOLCE E DI INQUINANTI NELLA LAGUNA DI VENEZIA [Articolo su rivista]
S., Bernardi; Cecchi, Rodolfo; F., Costa; Ghermandi, Grazia; S., Vazzoler
abstract

Il lavoro tratta i flussi di massa di acqua dolce ed il trasporto di inquinanti attraverso la laguna di Venezia verso il mare Adriatico.

1985 - LAGOON OF VENICE: FRESH WATER AND POLLUTANT TRANSFER [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
S., Bernardi; F., Costa; S., Vazzoler; Z., Vincenzi; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; G., Magnoni
abstract

Data from periodical field measurements carried on in the more important rivers and canals which empty into venice lagoon are reported.

1984 - ANALISI PIXE DI ACQUE MARINE PER LA MESSA A PUNTO DI MODELLI DI CIRCOLAZIONE [Abstract in Rivista]
E., Bellei; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia
abstract

ANALISI PIXE DI ACQUE MARINE VENGONO UTILIZZATE PER LA MESSA A PUNTO DI MODELLI DI CIRCOLAZIONE

1984 - CALIBRATION AND ERRORS IN THE DETECTION OF HEAVY METALS IN FRESH AND SEA WATER BY PIXE IN THE PPB-PPM RANGE [Articolo su rivista]
Aprilesi, Giancarlo; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; Magnoni, Gaetano; Santangelo, Renato
abstract

A methodology for the simultaneous detection of several heavy metals in water samples is described in detail. Targets were chemically prepared by preconcentration of the metals. Characteristics of the proton beam and X-ray detection are summarized. The concentration was obtained by using an internal standard in the range ppb-ppm. The method was tested by calibration with samples of known concentration. The subtraction of background and the data processing are discussed. The error in each concentration is evaluated.

1984 - CALIBRATION AND ERRORS IN THE DETECTION OF HEAVY METALS IN FRESH AND SEA WATERS BY PIXE IN THE ppb-ppm RANGE [Articolo su rivista]
G., Aprilesi; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; G., Magnoni; Santangelo, Renato
abstract

The paper describes the experimental calibration (with measurement errors) of a PIXE set up, for the determination of HEAVY METALS IN FRESH AND SEA WATER samples in the ppb-ppm concentration RANGE

1984 - POSSIBLE USE OF PIXE IN THE BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES OF HEAVY ELEMENTS [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; R., Santangelo
abstract

PIXE is suited for determination of abundances of heavy elements in nearly all the phases of the biogeochemical cycles involving water and atmosphere.

1983 - PIXE MULTI-ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN SEDIMENTS [Abstract in Atti di Convegno]
G., Aprilesi; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; G., Magnoni; S., Pugnaghi; R., Santangelo
abstract

TARGET PREPARATION AND SET-UP FOR PIXE MULTI-ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN SEDIMENT SAMPLES IS DESCRIBED

1983 - TRANSFER OF FRESH WATER AND POLLUTANTS INTO THE LAGOON OF VENICE [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
S., Bernardi; F., Costa; S., Vazzoler; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; G., Magnoni
abstract

The paper describes and evaluates the fresh water contribution cpming from the mainland and flowing into the Lagoon.

1983 - TRANSFER OF HEAVY ELEMENTS INTO THE SEA : DETECTION BY PROTON INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION (PIXE) [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; F., Costa; G., Galli; Ghermandi, Grazia; G., Magnoni
abstract

PIXE technique is applied to detect heavy elements at trace concentration in natural water samples from Venice lagoon.

1982 - PIXE ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN WATER SAMPLES [Articolo su rivista]
E., Angeli; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; R., Santangelo
abstract

A TARGET PREPARATION PROCEDURE IS PERFORMED FOR PIXE ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN WATER SAMPLES

1982 - PROTECTION OF THE CITY OF VENICE AND ITS LAGOON : FLOW OF FRESH WATER AND POLLUTANTS INTO THE LAGOON [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
S., Bernardi; F., Costa; R., Santangelo; S., Vazzoler; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; G., Magnoni
abstract

Environmental Quality control of the Lagoon of Venice is approached by selecting as a key point the budget of matter (water, salt, pollutants) and energy.

1981 - ANALISI ARMONICA SUI VALORI NORMALI DI PARAMETRI METEOROLOGICI [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; G., Magnoni; M., Menziani; M. R., Rivasi
abstract

L'ANALISI ARMONICA VIENE EFFETTUATA SUI VALORI NORMALI DI PARAMETRI METEOROLOGICI

1981 - MICROELEMENTI NELLE ACQUE NATURALI DELLA PIANURA PADANA CON FLUORESCENZA X INDOTTA DA PROTONI ACCELERATI [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; Menziani, Marilena
abstract

Vengono presentati valori di concentrazione detreminati con la tecnica PIXE in acque sotterranee della pianura padana.

1981 - STIMA DELL`ERRORE IN MISURE IDROGEOLOGICHE PIXE DI ELEMENTI METALLICI [Articolo su rivista]
G., Aprilesi; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Ghermandi, Grazia; G., Magnoni
abstract

VIENE EFFETTUATA LA STIMA DELL`ERRORE IN MISURE IDROGEOLOGICHE PIXE DI ELEMENTI METALLICI

1980 - Search of single long period oscillations in the daily temperatures [Articolo su rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Marseguerra, Marzio; Morelli, Sandra; Santangelo, Renato
abstract

Long-period oscillations have been searched in the time series of the daily minimum, mean and maximum temperatures measured in Modena, Italy, during the years 1869–1976. By assuming only one oscillation present, the amplitude and its statistical uncertainty have been estimated by means of a fitting procedure which takes into account the stochastic variability of the daily temperatures. The period of the long-term oscillations has been chosen to be an integer number of years (from 2 up to 36). This choice and the fit performed over a suitable number of years (the maximum possible multiple of the period) ensure a numerical stable solution and a negligible correlation between the long-period oscillation and the annual and seasonal oscillations present in the time series. The instrumental uncertainty of the long-period amplitude has been also evaluated. Within the overall uncertainty, no reliable evidence exists on single long-period oscillations. Sono state cercate oscillazioni singole a lungo periodo nella serie temporale formata dalle temperature minime, medie e massime, misurate giornalmente a Modena durante gli anni 1869–1976. Nell'ipotesi di un'unica oscillazione sono state stimate l'ampiezza dell'oscillazione e la sua incertezza statistica mediante un procedimento di approssimazione che teneva conto della variazione stocastica delle temperature giornaliere. Come periodo delle oscillazioni a lungo termine si è scelto un numero intero di anni compreso fra 2 e 36. L'approssimazione è stata effettuata su un numero di anni che era il massimo multiplo del periodo compatibile con i dati disponibili. Con tali scelte le soluzioni risultano numericamente molto stabili. Inoltre le correlazioni fra i diversi parametri stimati in ciascuna approssimazione risultano trascurabili. È stato anche valutato l'effetto dell'errore sistematico di misure sull'ampiezza dell'oscillazione a lungo periodo. Dai risultati non emergono prove affidabili sull'esistenza di oscillazioni singole a lungo termine entro la risoluzione statistica e sistematica del presente studio. Проводится поиск осцилляций с большим периодом во временной последователвности суточных минимальных, средних и максимальных температур, измеренных в Модене, Италии, в течение 1869–1976 г. г. Предполагал, что существует только одна осцилляция, оценивается амплитуда и статистическая неопределенность, оспользуя процедуру подгонки, которая учитывает стохастическое изменение суточных температур. Период продолжителяной осцилляции выбирается равным целому числу лет (от 2 до 36). Этот выбор и проведенная подгонка соответствующего числя лет (максимально возможное кратное периоду) обеспечивают численное устойчивое решение и позволяйт пренебречь корреляцией между осцилляцией с большим периодом и ежегодными и сезонными осцилляциями, присутствующми во временной последовательности. Оценивается инструментальная неопределенность амплитуды осцилляции с большим периодом. С учетом полной неопределенности не обнаружено нодежного подтверждения отдельных осцилляциь с большим периодом.

1979 - Search of long term periodicities in the daily temperatures. [Abstract in Rivista]
Cecchi, Rodolfo; Marseguerra, Marzio; Morelli, Sandra; Santangelo, Renato
abstract

The long records of the daily minimum, mean and maximum temperatures measured in Modena since 1868, have been analyzed in order to detect long term periodicities with a fitting procedure which provides also the statistical uncertanty of the stimated amplitudes. From the values of the amplitudes and their overall uncertainties no striking evidence exists of long term amplitudes with high confidence level.

1978 - Statistical forecasting of daily temperatures using short records of previous temperatures [Articolo su rivista]
Balestri, Lorenzo; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Marseguerra, Marzio; Morelli, Sandra; Rivasi, Maria Rosa; Santangelo, Renato
abstract

From previous analysis of the daily minimum, meam and maximum temperatures in Modena, Italy, over more than 100 years, it has already been demonstres that each time series may be well represented by the sum of a seasonal deterministic function and a stationary gaussian stochastic signal. The latter was found to be autocorrelated and well represented by an autoregressive, moving-average process of order 2 and 1 respectively, AR(2)-MA(1). In this paper, starting from subrecords of daily temperatures, taken from the whole record available in Modena, long-term and short-term predictions have been compared with the actually measured values. The positive results obtained by using the previous model suggest that such statistical forecasting can be performed also in other locations of similar climatic behavior, even if only short records of daily temperatures are available.

1977 - Statistical forecasting of daily temperatures [Abstract in Rivista]
Balestri, Lorenzo; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Marseguerra, Marzio; Morelli, Sandra; Rivasi, Maria Rosa; Santangelo, Renato
abstract

The behaviour of the daily minimum, mean and maximum temperatures was already found to be given by the sum of a deterministic function of the day and a stationary normal process with zero mean. Its standard deviations for the three temperatures observed in the period 1892-1974 are given. This is a measure of the error in the long term prediction of daily temperatures. The normal process is found to be well represented by an autoregressive- moving average process.

1975 - Concentrazione di SO2 nell'area urbana di Modena [Articolo su rivista]
Aprilesi, Giancarlo; Balestri, Lorenzo; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Magnoni, Gaetano; Morelli, Sandra; Rivasi, Maria Rosa
abstract

E' in corso lo studio di una serie di dati relativi alla concentrazione di SO2 nell'area urbana di Modena. In questa fase preliminare si è cercato di verificare l'esistenza ed il tipo di correlazioni tra concentrazione dell'inquinante e parametri meteorologici per mezzo di un semplice modello matematico. Per la città di Modena i valori della concentrazione, anche se mediati su tempi lunghi (1 mese), risultano indipendenti dalla velocità media del vento, mentre mostrano, a parità di intensità di emissione (Q), una certa correlazione con la temperatura, almeno durante la stagione fredda.

1975 - Dati di nevosità registrati dall'Osservatorio Geofisico di Modena (1830-1975) [Articolo su rivista]
Aprilesi, Giancarlo; Balestri, Lorenzo; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Morelli, Sandra; Rivasi, Maria Rosa; Santangelo, Renato
abstract

Sono state riorganizzate in forma sistematica e divulgate le misure di precipitazione nevosa a Modena dal 1830 al 1975 (data della pubblicazione). I dati di nevosità sono caratterizzati dalla data e dalla altezza raggiunta al suolo dalla "neve asciutta". Per la interpretazione di alcuni casi controversi, sono stati consultati testi e manoscritti di archivio. E' stata, inoltre, effettuata una iniziale analisi statistica.

1975 - Le precipitazioni nevose a Modena dal 1830 al 1975 [Articolo su rivista]
Aprilesi, Giancarlo; Balestri, Lorenzo; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Morelli, Sandra; Rivasi, Maria Rosa; Santangelo, Renato
abstract

Le precipitazioni nevose registrate a Modena fin dal 1830 sono messe a disposizione per lo studio dei cambiamenti climatici. I dati sono raggruppati entro ciascuna "stagione fredda" al fine di ottenere una maggiore significatività statistica ed eliminare quasi completamente ogni correlazione temporale. La stagione fredda corrisponde all'inverno attorniato da quei mesi vicini durante i quali a Modena può nevicare. Precisamente vengono presentati in una tabella il numero di giorni di neve e la quantità di neve "asciutta" precipitata. La neve asciutta, misurata in centimetri, viene definita come la neve che si è depositata al suolo senza fondersi. Vengono inoltre mostrate e discusse alcune distribuzioni ricavate dai parametri riportati nella tabella. Vengono anche date altre informazioni riguardanti le nevicate più precoci e più tardive, le nevicate più cospicue e più intense e altri fenomeni eccezionali associati alle precipitazioni nevose.

1975 - Valori normali della temperatura a Modena (1892-1974) [Articolo su rivista]
Aprilesi, Giancarlo; Balestri, Lorenzo; Cecchi, Rodolfo; Morelli, Sandra; Rivasi, Maria Rosa; Saltini, Gianfranco Matteo; P., Tavoni
abstract

Avendo creato presso l'Osservatorio Geofisico dell'Università di Modena un banco dati meteorologico, comprendente, alla data della pubblicazione, osservazioni dal 1892 al 1974, è stato possibile l'aggiornamento dei valori normali la cui ultima elaborazione risaliva al 1943.