Francesco GHERARDINI - personale UniMoRe

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Francesco GHERARDINI

Professore Associato
Dipartimento di Ingegneria "Enzo Ferrari"

Pubblicazioni

2024 - Assessing hand grasp in patients with systemic sclerosis using the 16-grasp test: Preliminary results from a multidisciplinary study group [Articolo su rivista]
Sandri, Gilda; Spinella, Amelia; Sartini, Silvana; Caselgrandi, Francesco; Schiavi, Margherita; Bettelli, Valentina; Gherardini, Francesco; Amati, Gabriele; Lumetti, Federica; Mascia, Maria Terasa; Secchi, Ottavio; Giuggioli, Dilia
abstract

Background: Reports on hand dysfunction and rehabilitation in SSc are quite scarce in the literature and mainly focus on functional assessment tools, such as the Duruoz Hand Index and the HAMIS test for evaluating hand mobility by simulating specific grasps with nine different objects. Purpose of the study: This study aimed to provide an adequate assessment methodology for hand grasp dysfunctions in patients suffering from systemic sclerosis (SSc) through the 16-grasp test. Study design: Case-control study. Methods: Ninety-seven consecutive SSc patients were recruited at our Scleroderma Unit, where a 16-grasp test was performed by all patients and supervised by an experienced hand therapist. Sixteen different patterns of grasp have been divided into power grasps and precision pinch and two more modalities: static and dynamic prehension evaluation on scale from 0 to 4. We also compared previous evaluations on 19 of patients recruited. Results: The majority of SSc patients (84 females and 13 males; mean age 56.0±12.0 years; mean disease duration 8.0±6.0 years) displayed grasp dysfunctions; in particular 48% and 54% reported slight difficulty in the right and left grasps respectively, 6% medium difficulty in both hands, and only 3% and 1% experienced severe difficulty respectively, while 31.5% had no issues in either hand. Our results showed that the limited cutaneous subset (lcSSc) scored a lower deficit for either grasp compared to diffuse form (dcSSc). No statistically significant differences in total grasp deficit had been noticed when comparing patients having a disease duration < 5 years or longer. In the retrospective study on 19 of these patients, 8 out of 10 lcSSc patients showed no significant changes, while in 2 out of 10, slight improvements were observed in both hands. However, in the dcSSc group, 4 out of 9 worsened bilaterally while the grasp scores for 5 of them remained unchanged. Conclusion: Our study reported hand involvement in both lcSSc and dcSSc forms, more significantly in dcSSc patients. This test is intended to be a more objective means of assessing grasp alterations linked to scleroderma hand deformities. Furthermore, thanks to its intuitiveness, the test may be useful for engineers designing personalized ergonomic assistive devices.

2024 - Computer-based Design and Manufacturing for the Reproduction of Classic Car Spare Parts [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bertoncelli, P.; Gherardini, F.; Dalpadulo, E.; Lorient, A.; Vergnano, A.; Leali, F.
abstract

2024 - Vibration-Induced Discomfort in Vehicles: A Comparative Evaluation Approach for Enhancing Comfort and Ride Quality [Articolo su rivista]
Kat, Cor-Jacques; Skrickij, Viktor; Shyrokau, Barys; Kojis, Paulius; Dhaens, Miguel; Mantovani, Sara; Gherardini, Francesco; Strano, Salvatore; Terzo, Mario; Fujimoto, Hiroshi; Sorniotti, Aldo; Camocardi, Pablo; Victorino, Alessandro Corrêa; Ivanov, Valentin
abstract

This article introduces a methodology for conducting comparative evaluations of vibration-induced discomfort. The aim is to outline a procedure specifically focused on assessing and comparing the discomfort caused by vibrations. The article emphasizes the metrics that can effectively quantify vibration-induced discomfort and provides insights on utilizing available information to facilitate the assessment of differences observed during the comparisons. The study also addresses the selection of appropriate target scenarios and test environments within the context of the comparative evaluation procedure. A practical case study is presented, highlighting the comparison of wheel corner concepts in the development of new vehicle architectures. Currently, the evaluation criteria and difference thresholds available allow for comparative evaluations within a limited range of vehicle vibration characteristics.

2024 - Vibration-Induced Discomfort in Vehicles: A Comparative Evaluation Approach for Enhancing Comfort and Ride Quality [Articolo su rivista]
Kat, Cor-Jacques; Skrickij, Viktor; Shyrokau, Barys; Kojis, Paulius; Dhaens, Miguel; Mantovani, Sara; Gherardini, Francesco; Strano, Salvatore; Terzo, Mario; Fujimoto, Hiroshi; Sorniotti, Aldo; Camocardi, Pablo; Corrêa Victorino, Alessandro; Ivanov, Valentin
abstract

2023 - ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE-INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES: A NEW CONCEPT OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL PRINTING [Articolo su rivista]
Cavas, F.; Paredes, M.; Gherardini, F.; Gómez, C.
abstract

In recent years, additive manufacturing has become a disruptive technology for its ability to build structures with complex geometries. In the future, additive manufacturing will combine multidimensional printing technology with the use of programmable-smart materials, achieving higher levels of structural freedom, sustainability and efficiency in advanced manufacturing processes, ultimately driving the social, economic and environmental impact of this technology.

2023 - Convolutional Neural Network for Background Removal in Close Range Photogrammetry: Application on Cultural Heritage Artefacts [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bici, M.; Gherardini, F.; de Los Angeles Guachi-Guachi, L.; Guachi, R.; Campana, F.
abstract

Post-processing pipeline for image analysis in reverse engineering modelling, such as photogrammetry applications, still asks for manual interventions mainly for shadows and reflections corrections and, often, for background removal. The usage of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) may conveniently help in recognition and background removal. This paper presents an approach based on CNN for background removal, assessing its efficiency. Its relevance pertains to a comparison of CNN approaches versus manual assessment, in terms of accuracy versus automation with reference to cultural heritage targets. Through a bronze statue test case, pros and cons are discussed with respect to the final model accuracy. The adopted CNN is based on the U-NetMobilenetV2 architecture, a combination of two deep networks, to converge faster and achieve higher efficiency with small datasets. The used dataset consists of over 700 RGB images used to provide knowledge from which CNNs can extract features and distinguish the pixels of the statue from background ones. To extend CNN capabilities, training sets with and without dataset integration are investigated. Dice coefficient is applied to evaluate the CNN efficiency. Results obtained are used for the photogrammetric reconstruction of the Principe Ellenistico model. This 3D model is compared with a model obtained through a 3D scanner. Moreover, through a comparison with a photogrammetric 3D model obtained without the CNN background removal, performances are evaluated. Although few errors due to bad light conditions, the advantages in terms of process automation are consistent (over 50% in time reduction).

2023 - Design of a living lab for autonomous driving: an investigation under the lens of the triple helix model [Articolo su rivista]
Tagliazucchi, Giulia; Della Santa, Silvia; Gherardini, Francesco
abstract

2023 - Preface and Acknowledgement [Prefazione o Postfazione]
Furferi, R.; Governi, L.; Volpe, Y.; Gherardini, F.; Seymour, K.
abstract

2023 - Simulation-Based Design of Reconfigurable Moulds for Injection Overmoulding [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Galati, N.; Gherardini, F.; Guaitoli, C.; Vergnano, A.
abstract

The injection moulding process enables the production of complex shaped parts, thanks to the accurate kinematics and the tight tolerances of the mould. This process is suitable for large batch production, leading to reduced single part costs, but involves high initial investments. The life of a mould can be increased by exploiting reconfigurable cavity inserts. So, a design method has been conceived for reconfigurable injection moulds by integrating Design for Assembly and Computer Aided Engineering techniques. From the early phases of a systematic design approach, the simulation models are configured with the different geometries as requested by design specifications. The mould inserts are designed with standard features in order to be quickly changed. A case study on a reconfigurable mould for the overmoulding of polymer wheels to be produced in different sizes is presented. The simulations with Moldex3D software are finally compared with the experimental data from the actual production.

2023 - The REHAB-LAB model for individualized assistive device co-creation and production [Articolo su rivista]
Lamontagne, M. E.; Pellichero, A.; Tostain, V.; Routhier, F.; Flamand, V.; Campeau-Lecours, A.; Gherardini, F.; Thébaud, M.; Coignard, P.; Allègre, W.
abstract

Assistive devices are designed to enhance individuals with disabilities' functional abilities. The rise of 3D printing technology enabled the production of individualized assistive devices (IADs). A REHAB-LAB is intended for IAD provision involving technical referents and occupational therapists. This study aimed to develop the REHAB-LAB logic model; to explore its fidelity and desirability; and to explore the characteristics of arising initiatives of IAD production. The REHAB-LAB logic model development involved stakeholders throughout the research process. A pragmatic multimethod approach followed two phases 1) logic model development and 2) exploration of its fidelity and desirability. The REHAB-LAB logic model presented the resources (equipment, space, human) required to implement IAD provision in a rehabilitation center, and the expected deliverables (activities and outputs). The REHAB-LAB logic model highlights the interdisciplinarity of IAD provision including occupational therapists, doctors, engineers, managers, and technical referents and places the users at the center of the IAD production. Results confirmed the fidelity and desirability of the REHAB-LAB logic model. The REHAB-LAB logic model can be used as a reference for future healthcare organizations wishing to implement an IAD provision. This research highlighted the interest of IAD provision based on the REHAB-LAB model involving users and transdisciplinary practices

2022 - A Review of Automotive Spare-Part Reconstruction Based on Additive Manufacturing [Articolo su rivista]
Dalpadulo, E.; Petruccioli, A.; Gherardini, F.; Leali, F.
abstract

In the Industry 4.0 scenario, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies play a fundamental role in the automotive field, even in more traditional sectors such as the restoration of vintage cars. Car manufacturers and restorers benefit from a digital production workflow to reproduce spare parts that are no longer available on the market, starting with original components, even if they are damaged. This review focuses on this market niche that, due to its growing importance in terms of applications and related industries, can be a significant demonstrator of future trends in the automotive supply chain. Through selected case studies and industrial applications, this study analyses the implications of AM from multiple perspectives. Firstly, various types of AM processes are used, although some are predominant due to their cost-effectiveness and, therefore, their better accessibility and wide diffusion. In some applications, AM is used as an intermediate process to develop production equipment (so-called rapid tooling), with further implications in the digitalisation of conventional primary technologies and the entire production process. Secondly, the additive process allows for on-demand, one-off, or small-batch production. Finally, the ever-growing variety of spare parts introduces new problems and challenges, generating constant opportunities to improve the finish and performance of parts, as well as the types of processes and materials, sometimes directly involving AM solution providers.

2022 - Assessment of close-range photogrammetry for the low cost development of 3D models of car bodywork components [Articolo su rivista]
Petruccioli, A.; Gherardini, F.; Leali, F.
abstract

Close-range photogrammetry (C-RP) is a widespread and efficient technology to obtain digital models of physical objects. Typical limitations as sharped geometry, shiny surface finishing and light conditions can be overcome by using high-end equipment, which results in increased costs and requires specific skills in human operators. This paper aims to investigate whether a low-cost and simplified approach to C-RP makes it suitable for the 3D acquisition of bodywork components and similar free-form artefacts, as an affordable alternative to 3D scanning in fields where a lower value of accuracy is required. Hence, two commercial C-RP software were used to 3D capture handcrafted car body panels and compare the C-RP models using a 3D scan as a reference within an inspection software. Two case studies are considered: a 1:5 scale model of the front bonnet of a Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa from 1958 and a head lamp housing of a Ferrari 275 GTB from 1962. Considering the complexity of double curvature surfaces and the reflection due to material and surface treatment, both these artefacts require some pre-processing operations and an adequate set-up to perform image acquisition. These case studies represent a relevant application for the field of classic vehicle restoration, where C-RP could be a promising technique to support panel beaters and craftsmen during rebuilt operations of masks and bodywork spare parts of high-end historic cars.

2022 - Correction to: Assessment of close-range photogrammetry for the low cost development of 3D models of car bodywork components (International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), (2022), 16, 2, (703-713), 10.1007/s12008-022-00865-6) [Articolo su rivista]
Petruccioli, A.; Gherardini, F.; Leali, F.
abstract

Authorswould like to correct Figure 1 and Image credits with the updated version. The corrected version of Figure 1 and Image credits updated here. The original article has been corrected.

2022 - Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering II Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, ADM 2021 [Curatela]
Rizzi, Caterina; Campana, Francesca; Bici, Michele; Gherardini, Francesco; Ingrassia, Tommaso; Cicconi, Paolo
abstract

This volume collects the proceedings of the ADM2021 International Conference, entitled “Design tools and methods in industrial engineering II,” held in Rome (Italy) from September 9–10, 2021, Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering of Sapienza. It is a great honor for me hosting the conference as Chair and coordinating the second edition of this International Conference, which took place for the first time in the University Campus of Modena in September 2019. ADM conference was conceived as the Italian venue to strengthen the network of international research and to meet our colleagues in Italy. The spirit of this venue is similar in conception to that inspiring the Joint Conference on Mechanics, Design Engineering and Advanced Manufacturing (JCM), organized by ADM (Italian Association of Design and Methods for Industrial Engineering) together with the Spanish members of INGEGRAF and the French members of S.mart. The presence of 96 articles, coming from different European countries and the work of over 100 reviewers, demonstrates the activity of our research community, despite the problems related to the pandemic. I wish to thank all the colleagues who have collaborated with me as Organizers: Michele Bici and Daniela Pilone of Sapienza, Paolo Cicconi of the University of Roma 3, Tommaso Ingrassia of the University of Palermo, and Francesco Gherardini of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia to whom I deserve special thanks for having “passed the baton” to me in the conference organizational relay. I wish to thank also all the colleagues who have supported us as Members of the Scientific Committee and as Reviewers and all Authors who gave their valuable contribution to the conference with their research. Likewise, I thank President of ADM Prof. Vincenzo Antonio Nigrelli and Prof. Caterina Rizzi, Coordinator of the Scientific Council of the ADM. A further thank is due to Altair and the ASME Italian Section for their patronage, to the Sapienza institutions, the Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering and the Department of Mechanics and Aerospace, for hosting us. Last, but not least, the ix publisher Springer Nature, who honored us by publishing the proceedings of this second edition in the series “Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering.” With the hope that ADM2021 and the presence in Rome can also set the restart for new opportunities for social sharing and research.

2022 - Investigation of Warpage and Tolerances in Injection Moulding Components Based on Simulation and Experimental Validation [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Garlaschelli, G.; Gherardini, F.; Malagola, S.; Leali, F.
abstract

This paper presents a systematic approach to model and simulate the influence that the variation of process parameters has on the final quality of an injection moulded component. In the first phase, we define a multi-steps procedure to develop a reliable digital model of the injection moulding process by the fine-tuning of the part cavity and the mould elements (e.g. detail simplification, discretization and mesh density, elements modelling, etc.) using real data as validation. In the second phase, we investigate the correlation between selected process parameters and the final tolerances of the moulded component, based on a Design of Experiments. As a case study, we selected the body of a mass airflow sensor for an automotive high performance engines, made of polybutylene terephthalate reinforced with glass-fibre, which presents roundness issues on functional features. The effects of the injection velocity and packing pressure on the deformation of the component are investigated, identifying the best combination of their values that leads to compliance with the roundness tolerances on its functional features. The injection moulding Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software Moldex3D (CoreTech) is used to run the simulations, and the results are finally validated by comparing the experimental data obtained from the injection moulding machine that produces the component.

2022 - Preface [Prefazione o Postfazione]
Furferi, R.; Governi, L.; Volpe, Y.; Seymour, K.; Pelagotti, A.; Gherardini, F.
abstract

2022 - Systematic integration of 2D and 3D sources for the virtual reconstruction of lost heritage artefacts: the equestrian monument of Francesco III d’Este (1774–1796, Modena, Italy) [Articolo su rivista]
Gherardini, F.; Sirocchi, S.
abstract

The role of 3D virtual reconstruction of lost heritage artefacts is acquiring ever-greater importance, as a support for archaeological research and art history studies, as well as a vehicle for the cultural and evocative involvement of the end-user. The main risk of virtual reconstruction is the lack of a faithful restitution but, conversely, very often the artefact conservation state does not allow a complete 3D reconstruction. Therefore, 2D sources, both textual and iconographic, represent a precious integration and completion of the existing 3D sources. This paper proposes an operating systematic workflow to integrate retrieved 2D and 3D sources and assess their compatibility for the virtual reconstruction of lost heritage artefacts using and integrating 3D survey and digital modelling. As a case study, we virtually reconstructed the lost equestrian monument of Duke Francesco III d'Este, 7 m high, built in 1774 in Modena, Italy, by the sculptor Giovanni Antonio Cybei and completely destroyed a little over 20 years later during the revolutionary uprisings. Following the proposed workflow, we integrate data coming from: a still preserved preparatory stucco model, paintings and engravings showing the missing details of the 3D model, a series of urban views returning the proportion and positioning of the monument (statue, pedestal and base), a fragment of the right foot providing the statue size and the appearance of the original white Carrara marble. The final 3D digital model shows a faithful correspondence to the 2D sources and guarantees an effective user’s fruition thanks to dedicated virtual applications. Besides the scientific and cultural goal, we highlight the evocative role of this work, which has contributed to the restitution of a monument that is unknown to most citizens and visitors.

2022 - The integration of morphological design and topology optimization to enhance the visual quality of electricity pylons [Articolo su rivista]
Di Angelo, L.; Furferi, R.; Gherardini, F.; Guardiani, E.
abstract

Purpose: This paper aims to enhance the visual quality of artificial above-ground structures, like pylons, masts, and towers of infrastructures and facilities, through a systematic design method for their morphological and structural optimization. Design/methodology/approach: The method achieves the functional and aesthetic goals based on the application of computer-aided tools. In particular, this is achieved according to three key steps: • Morphological development of landscape-related symbolism, environment, or culture and social needs. • Topology optimization of the design concept to reduce the structural weight and its visual impact. • Engineering of the resulting optimized structure. Practical implications: As a case study, the method is used for designing electricity pylons for the coastal territory of a Mediterranean European country, such as Italy. Citizens were involved during the identification phase of a symbolic shape for the concept development and during the final assessment phase. Research limitations/implications: The engineering phase has been performed by assembling standard lattice components with welded connections. Even if the use of this truss-like structure should lead to a minimum cost, the developed structure employs an additional 15%–20% of trusses and sheet metal covers the final cost is higher than a standard lattice pylon. Findings: The result is a structure with enhanced visual quality according to the international guidelines and fully complying with mandatory and functional requirements, such as regulatory and industrial feasibility, as well as those arising from social components. Originality/value: The method shows its potential in defining a custom design for lightweight structures with enhanced visual quality regarding the critical situation discussed here. The method considers both the subjective perception of citizens and their priorities and the landscape where the structures will be installed.

2021 - Classification of geometric forms in mosaics using deep neural network [Articolo su rivista]
Ghosh, M.; Obaidullah, S. M.; Gherardini, F.; Zdimalova, M.
abstract

The paper addresses an image processing problem in the field of fine arts. In particular, a deep learning-based technique to classify geometric forms of artworks, such as paintings and mosaics, is presented. We proposed and tested a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based framework that autonomously quantifies the feature map and classifies it. Convolution, pooling and dense layers are three distinct categories of levels that generate attributes from the dataset images by introducing certain specified filters. As a case study, a Roman mosaic is considered, which is digitally reconstructed by close-range photogrammetry based on standard photos. During the digital transformation from a 2D perspective view of the mosaic into an orthophoto, each photo is rectified (i.e., it is an orthogonal projection of the real photo on the plane of the mosaic). Image samples of the geometric forms, e.g., triangles, squares, circles, octagons and leaves, even if they are partially deformed, were extracted from both the original and the rectified photos and originated the dataset for testing the CNN-based approach. The proposed method has proved to be robust enough to analyze the mosaic geometric forms, with an accuracy higher than 97%. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed method was compared with standard deep learning frameworks. Due to the promising results, this method can be applied to many other pattern identification problems related to artworks.

2021 - Computer-Aided Tolerancing Analysis of a High-Performance Car Engine Assembly [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Petruccioli, A.; Gherardini, F.; Panari, D.; Leali, F.
abstract

This paper proposes the analysis of the tolerances (values, types, datum) and their effects on a mechanical assembly, as a high-performance car engine, by means of a Computer-Aided Tolerancing software. The 3D tolerance stack-ups are investigated to assess the fulfillment of the functional requirements as well as the performance specifications of the assembly. Moreover, after identifying the tolerances that mainly affect the product variability, we finally propose some corrective actions on the tolerances and assess their functional allocation, tightening or relaxing their values, ensuring assemblability and cost reduction.

2021 - The Struttura Reticolare Acentrata, a Design Strategy for Spatial Organization [Articolo su rivista]
Bastai, Veronica; Cavani, Andrea; Gherardini, Francesco; Orsini, Giulio
abstract

The Non-centred Reticular Structure is a modular pattern developed by Cesare Leonardi (Modena, Italy, 1935) from 1983, the result of research into spatial and urban planning focusing on trees. It is a model of spatial organization seeking a balance between the spaces of people and those of trees, reconciling and promote all living forms. The Structure consists of a primary pattern of 23 irregular polygons defining the areas belonging to each stakeholder in the spatial organisation: humans, plants, animals. The sides of the polygon constitute a network of nodes (vertices) and connecting rods. The pattern may evolve in space and time, combining biomimicry and geometry, and adapts to different contexts through metamorphosis and deformations. The Structure was applied to ‘Bosco Albergati’ Park (Modena, Italy) which, 30 years after planting, represents an example of spatial organisation imitating nature. This paper presents the Structure as a tool supporting the designer in the spatial organisation of the functional design elements, and investigates its relevance in the design of current green projects.

2021 - The multiple roles of universities in U-I collaborations: The case of Emilia–Romagna motor vehicle industry [Articolo su rivista]
Tagliazucchi, Giulia; Marchi, Gianluca; Gherardini, Francesco; Leali, Francesco
abstract

This paper investigates the development of collaboration modes between university and local industry, within a regional system having a diffused innovation process. As a case study, we analyse into an appreciative framework the roles of a medium-sized university as producer of knowledge, intermediary organisation and regional orchestrator over time, ultimately assuming a leading role in two specific university-industry programmes supporting the motor vehicle industry of Emilia–Romagna (IT). The paper contributes to the University-Industry stream of research by identifying the factors and mechanisms underpinning the evolution of university’s role in its collaboration with local industry, by the time assuming a leading and central role in spreading innovative technology into the regional system. Our findings provide managerial and policy makers contributions, and could be extended to other similar medium-tech industry for supporting diffusion of knowledge and innovation processes.

2020 - A methodological approach for the design of inclusive assistive devices by integrating co-design and additive manufacturing technologies [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Gherardini, Francesco; Petruccioli, Andrea; Dalpadulo, Enrico; Bettelli, Valentina; Mascia, Maria Teresa; Leali, Francesco
abstract

Additive Manufacturing is a widespread technology that may enhance product customization based on specific users’ needs, as in the case of assistive devices. Many chronic physical progressively disabling diseases, but also ageing, may cause severe limitations in daily life, which can be overcome by highly customized aids. Literature shows that the active involvement of the patient in the development of assistive devices through co-design allows for their greater therapeutic effectiveness and acceptance. Therefore, this paper proposes a methodological approach for the development of inclusive assistive devices to support daily activities in persons with disabling diseases of the upper-limb. The approach integrates co-design, standardized tools, and low- and high-tech prototyping techniques and tools, which lead to significant feedbacks from patients. The patients are encouraged to interact with conceptual prototypes through direct 3D CAD modelling and touch screen devices. Assessment tests highlight the suitability of the method to achieve the expected goals.

2020 - A preliminary approach on point cloud reconstruction of bronze statues through oriented photogrammetry: the “Principe Ellenistico” case [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bici, Michele; Gherardini, Francesco; Campana, Francesca; Leali, Francesco
abstract

Close-Range Photogrammetry is a widespread and efficient technique in the 3D acquisition of artefacts, particularly in fields like Cultural Heritage. Despite this wide usage, also due to a convenient quality/cost ratio, it shows some limitations due to light conditions as well as the artefact surface finishing. In this paper, we would like to report the assessment of a photogrammetry approach to 3D capture metal reflective surfaces, such as bronze, which is a widely used material in ancient statues. To this aim, we propose a photogrammetry workflow based on systematic steps capable of overcome some of the main issues of reflective surfaces. To validate this approach, the developed 3D model is compared to a more accurate model of the same artefact, obtained with a 3D scanner. As a case study, we selected the Principe Ellenistico, an ancient bronze statue conserved in the Museo Nazionale Romano (Rome, Italy), of which a photogrammetric model is firstly developed and then compared to the scanned one.

2020 - Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, Proceedings of the International Conference on Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, ADM 2019 [Curatela]
Rizzi, Caterina; Andrisano, Angelo Oreste; Leali, Francesco; Gherardini, Francesco; Pini, Fabio; Vergnano, Alberto
abstract

This book collects the proceedings of the ADM 2019 International Conference, entitled “Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering”, held in Modena, Italy, on 9–10 September 2019. This is not the first time that an event organized by ADM (formerly known as Italian Association of Machines Design, today renamed the Italian Association of Design Methods for Industrial Engineering) or by our scientific sector (ING-IND/15) takes place in Modena. I am pleased to remember the “ADM day” held at the Military Academy of Modena in 2008, as well as the ING-IND/15 workshop organized in 2009 in the hills of Bologna, not far from Modena. However, this conference is particularly significant, for the reasons I wish to summarize here. Firstly, the ADM Conference constitutes a new international, permanent event held in Italy, aimed at disseminating cutting-edge research to a national and international audience. For several years, our association has had a collaborative relationship with the Spanish members of INGEGRAF and the French members of Smart (formerly AIP-PRIMECA), with whom we organize the International Joint Conference on Mechanics, Design Engineering and Advanced Manufacturing (JCM) every two years. This event is hosted alternately by one of our three countries. Therefore, the ADM International Conference was born from the need for an event “in the middle”, to strengthen the international research network and to meet our colleagues in Italy. As a matter of fact, the ADM 2019 scientific committee was joined by Spanish and French colleagues, as well as German, Swedish, Norwegian and American ones, thanks to partnerships created by our “Enzo Ferrari” Department of Engineering (Modena) over the years. Secondly, I am honoured to play the role of conference chair, a position that has led me to be one of the editors of this book. In more than 45 years of experience in this sector, I have seen many developments and evolutions. From the first use of CAD in the industrial sector, today we have reached a high multidisciplinary level and integration with information technology and electronics. The integration of novel tools and approaches in the industrial world is also due to the activity of our scientific sector, capable of developing and integrating innovative tools and methodologies with the traditional themes of industrial engineering. Finally, this conference is held in 2019, an important year for me, marking the conclusion of my mandate as Rector of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, as well as that of Full Professor for our scientific sector. As the Dean of the ADM association and the scientific sector, I enthusiastically accepted the proposal of Francesco Leali, my collaborator for years and now my colleague, to nominate the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, and in particular our “Enzo Ferrari” Department of Engineering, as the location for the ADM 2019 International Conference. I would like to thank both him and my departmental colleagues, in particular the researchers of my lab, LaPIS lab, for organizing this event at the “Enzo Ferrari” Department of Engineering, so dear to me, having been one of its first promoters and founders. Equally, I would like to thank the ADM President Prof. Vincenzo Nigrelli, and Prof. Caterina Rizzi, Coordinator of the ADM Scientific Council, whose members, in turn, I gratefully thank. Further thanks go to the publisher, Springer, who honoured us by publishing the proceedings of this first ADM International Conference in the series “Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering”. Therefore, as editor of this first book, I hope that it will be the first of a new series of international conference proceedings underlining the leading role of our scientific sector in the international scene. The colleagues who will be hosting the next ADM conferences will have the burden, but above all the honour, of continuing this project that today we have

2020 - Design for Visual Quality Enhancement of Artificial Infrastructure Facilities: An Application to Electricity Pylons [Articolo su rivista]
Di Angelo, Luca; Gherardini, Francesco; Di Stefano, Paolo; Leali, Francesco
abstract

(1) Background: The visual impact of artificial infrastructures on natural landscapes generates a common negative perception in public opinion. However, as in the case of electrical energy, the increasing demand for power supply and its need for capillary distribution require the installation of new lines, commonly overhead lines with tall tower-like pylons. In most countries, this situation is faced with many attempts of solutions, as participatory workshops and design contests. Nevertheless, the solutions are usually not further developed into real structures due to many limitations (e.g., regulatory, safety, lack of feasibility). (2) Methods: This paper presents a systematic method for the design of tower-like pylons (e.g., electric ones) able to improve the visual quality on the landscape areas in which they will be installed. The method identifies a design strategy that advantageously exploits the inevitable visual impact of pylons on the landscape by integrating the symbolic morphology and the topologically optimized pylon structure from the earliest design phases. (3) Results: The resulting structure is designed in three steps. First, a concept is morphologically developed by integrating symbolic references to the landscape, environment, or cultural society. Second, the concept is topologically optimized, by reducing the structural weight and its visual impact, and respecting regulatory requirements. Third, the resulting structure is engineered and embodied into an industrially feasible layout. (4) Conclusions: The method is able to develop an original, brand new tower-like pylon integrating all the types of requirements, such as regulatory, industrial feasibility, and social components' needs. The resulting electricity pylon presents an enhanced visual quality according to the citizens' feedback.

2020 - Effective integration of Cobots and additive manufacturing for reconfigurable assembly solutions of biomedical products [Articolo su rivista]
Rossi, F.; Pini, F.; Carlesimo, A.; Dalpadulo, E.; Blumetti, F.; Gherardini, F.; Leali, F.
abstract

Collaborative robotics and additive manufacturing are two enabling technologies of the Industry 4.0 manufacturing paradigm. Their synergic integration requires novel and effective design approaches, aiming to the development of new reconfigurable solutions for customised processes and products. This work presents an integrated approach that exploits the capabilities of Cobots to mimic the repetitive and exhausting operator’s movements as well as the competitive advantages offered by additive manufacturing to realize tailored equipment. In particular, the case study shows the development of a customised device for the manipulation of biomedical components by means of a Cobot, which is introduced in a workstation to replace manual operations. Moreover, the flexibility and the effectiveness of a Cobot can be improved thanks to customised devices for gripping and pick-and-place operations based on a specific application. During the development phase, we simulated the assembly process, and tested different options. The final configuration, with conformal circuits and suction cups, can pick, manipulate and assembly the biomedical components, and thanks to a Fused Filament Fabrication technology is additively manufactured. In conclusion, this developed prototypal solution proves the real capabilities offered by integrating Cobots and additive manufacturing for the lean automation of a biomedical workstation.

2020 - Implementation of a quality framework on the launch phase of an automated assembly line for top class automotive chassis [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bertoldi, A.; Gherardini, F.; Leali, F.
abstract

Today the assembly lines of cars chassis are highly automated by robotic operations. Even in the top class automotive sector, the production of aluminium chassis involves numerous automated operations, such as TIG and MIG welding, riveting and gluing. This practice allows, on the one hand, to reduce time and costs, improve process repeatability and quality standards. On the other hand, it requires the quality improvement of the whole process (from supplied parts approval to welding reworks minimization). The industrialization phase of a new car chassis and the launch of its automated assembly line are particularly critical, even more if the line has already been designed and only minimally modifiable. Therefore, this paper proposes the implementation of a quality framework to manage the launch of an automated assembly line of a new aluminium chassis of top class cars, selected as a case study. The framework was implemented, aiming at improving the entire process quality, and finally validated by critically comparing the results obtained with those relating to models currently in production. Due to their importance to the final quality, we focused on the welding operations, which require actions both on process parameters and supplied parts approval (e.g. tolerances on parts end cuts). The new line shows a clear improvement compared to the past, with highly significant reduction of welding non-conformances, high quality level and lack of many critical issues of the previous lines thanks to corrective actions taken in the early process stages, during the pilot phase.

2020 - Integration of Topology Optimisation and Design Variants Selection for Additive Manufacturing-Based Systematic Product Redesign [Articolo su rivista]
Dalpadulo, Enrico; Gherardini, Francesco; Pini, Fabio; Leali, Francesco
abstract

The development of additive manufacturing allows the transformation of technological processes and the redesign of products. Among the most used methods to support additive manufacturing, the design can be optimised through the integration of topology optimisation techniques, allowing for creating complex shapes. However, there are critical issues (i.e., definition of product and process parameters, selection of redesign variants, optimised designs interpretation, file exchange and data management, etc.) in identifying the most appropriate process and set-ups, as well as in selecting the best variant on a functional and morphological level. Therefore, to fully exploit the technological potentials and overcome the drawbacks, this paper proposes a systematic redesign approach based on additive manufacturing technologies that integrate topology optimisation and a tool for selecting design variants based on the optimisation of both product and process features. The method leads to the objective selection of the best redesigned configuration in accordance with the key performance indicators (KPIs) (i.e., functional and production requirements). As a case study, the redesign of a medical assistive device is proposed, previously developed in fused filament fabrication and now optimised for being 3D printed with selective laser melting.

2020 - Robust Parameter Analysis of Compliant Part Models for Computer Aided Tolerancing [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Vergnano, Alberto; Gherardini, Francesco; Petruccioli, Andrea; Bonazzi, Enrico; Leali, Francesco
abstract

Sheet metal parts are widely used in automotive, aerospace, ship and consumer goods industries. The final dimensions of a sheet metal assembly result from the parts deformation, which in turn is affected by many variations in material, thickness and single parts dimensions. The tolerance analysis on sheet metal assemblies improve the knowledge about the process. Advanced simulations enable the optimization of product features, GD&T scheme and assembly process. Moreover, Variational Models of both the product and the assembly system enable to assess the sources of 3D error propagation from the different contributors. However, the simulation results are very affected by the modelling approach of critical components, such as the Fixture Systems. The present paper firstly introduces a strategy to model the Fixture System and the assembly process for compliant parts. Then, a robust analysis of the variations in the model with respect to the modelling factors is performed by a Design of Experiments. A case study on an automotive fender is discussed. The results demonstrate that the modelling strategy of the clamping operation have the main effects, while the modelling of locators scheme, spot joints and FEM meshing are less important.

2020 - The Systematic Design of Industrial Products through Design Archetypes: An Application on Mechanical Transmissions [Articolo su rivista]
Vergnano, Alberto; Gherardini, Francesco; Leali, Francesco
abstract

Engineering design is a knowledge intensive activity for both new and mature technical systems, such as mechanical transmissions. However, design knowledge is often transferred with conservative and unstructured approaches, although knowledge management would be of the utmost importance for modern industries. In this work, we introduce a design tool, called design archetype, for collecting and managing knowledge in systematic design processes. The design archetype addresses input design requirements for different design concepts, therefore, improving awareness of the design process by interactively modifying the design solution due to different input requirements. Finally, the design archetype updates the parameters of a first embodiment computer-aided design model of the concept. A method for the development of design archetypes is presented and applied to two case studies of mechanical transmission subassemblies. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of a systematic design method based on design archetypes stored in the company database.

2019 - A Co-Design Method for the Additive Manufacturing of Customised Assistive Devices for Hand Pathologies [Articolo su rivista]
Gherardini, Francesco; Mascia, Maria Teresa; Bettelli, Valentina; Leali, Francesco
abstract

Additive Manufacturing technologies are particularly suitable for developing highly customised products, even in rehabilitation and occupational therapy fields. Nowadays it is easy and cheap to design and produce such artefacts, although they require systematic approaches and standardized tests to validate their effectiveness. Therefore, this paper proposes a methodological approach for the application of Additive Manufacturing technologies to the co-design of assistive devices, focusing on rheumatoid or scleroderma patients. These patients present hand and finger disorders that limit simple everyday tasks, and need assistive devices to protect the damaged joints. The commercial assistive devices available on the market generally lack of customisation in dimensions and morphology, or their aspect is too stigmatizing. In order to achieve a better correspondence between patients' needs and assistive devices, we propose to involve the patients in a co-design team, in order to directly transfer their desires and creativity in unconventional solutions. The assistive devices are parametrically modelled and virtually prototyped in order to assess their functionality and customisation, and then additively manufactured. Finally, their effectiveness is tested by patients by means of standardized assessment tests that generate useful feedback. The paper proposes a case study about an assistive device for daily living activities.

2019 - Enhancing heritage fruition through 3D virtual models and augmented reality: An application to Roman artefacts [Articolo su rivista]
Gherardini, Francesco; Santachiara, Mattia; Leali, Francesco
abstract

The spatial characteristics of museum exhibitions may limit visitors' experience of the artefacts on display. In the case of large artefacts, limited space may affect their whole visualization, or inhibit the visualization of the details farthest from the observer. In other cases, the storage of artefacts in distant sites (museums or archaeological areas) may influence their knowledge process or the possibility for comparative analysis. Moreover, the precarious state of preservation of some artefacts, with damaged or missing parts, makes it difficult to perceive their original appearance. To overcome these limitations, we propose an integrated approach based on 3D virtual models and Augmented Reality (AR) to enhance the fruition of artefacts, improving their visualization, analysis and personal/shared knowledge, also by overcoming space and time constraints. The final AR application is an easily accessible tool for most users from a mobile device, used both inside and outside museums, opening new perspectives for fruition. The framework encourages the use of free and open source software and standard devices, to maximize their dissemination and exploit the potential of such technologies, which is far greater than current use in the cultural heritage field. Selected case studies to test and validate the integrated framework are proposed, dealing with some Roman artefacts found in the area of Modena (Italy). The first is a Roman floor mosaic, found in Savignano sul Panaro (near Modena) in 2011, of which less than half of its original 4.5 x 6.9 m surface is preserved. The others are two Roman funerary lion sculptures: the first is one of two lions flanking the main door of Modena Cathedral, and the second, well-preserved but damaged, is housed in the Museo Lapidario Estense of Modena. Finally, the application was tested by museum experts and visitors both inside and outside the museum, and positively assessed.

2019 - Identification of the main contributors in the 3D tolerances assessment in mechanical transmissions [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Gherardini, Francesco; Panari, Davide; Leali, Francesco
abstract

The management of spatial dimensional variations and 3D tolerance stacks is a key issue to achieve high performance and robust solutions. The state of the art in 3D tolerance analysis addresses two main difficulties: On the one hand, the issue about the dimensioning and tolerancing methods, and the related annotation transfer from 2D drawings to 3D parts. On the other hand, the lack of integration of design methods for 3D tolerance stacks calculation in the design process and, moreover, the restricted application fields in which tolerance methods are applied, as in aerospace or automotive fields. In this scenario, we propose a Computer-Aided Tolerancing (CAT)-based approach, integrated within the embodiment design of the product development and able to support the analysis and the design of 3D tolerance stacks in mechanical assembly, by simulating the 3D effects of both the dimensional and geometrical tolerances. Focusing on a gearbox assembly, the CAT-based approach aims to identify the main contributors (sources) of variation within the tolerance stacks, by means of a statistical and sensitivity analysis. After defining the design inputs (involved parts, tolerances definition, assembly sequence, and required measurements), we follow a bottom-up approach, starting from the part tolerances as set by the designers, up to the assembly tolerances. The CAT software simulates how the tolerances vary within their ranges. Finally, we are able to identify the main contributors to variation, which may require tightening their tolerance values, in order to improve the performance of the gearbox assembly.

2018 - 3D Virtual Reconstruction and Augmented Reality Visualization of Damaged Stone Sculptures [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Gherardini, Francesco; Santachiara, Mattia; Leali, Francesco
abstract

This paper proposes the integration of photogrammetric reconstruction, 3D modelling and augmented reality application in order to achieve the complete visualization of a stone sculpture even if highly damaged or fragmentary. The first part of the research aims to the reconstruction of the original aspect of an incomplete sculpture, by using photogrammetry techniques based on standard resolution photos and free software in order to obtain a first model; then, we integrate this model with other 3D digital data (from other sculptures of the same period) or with 3D modelling based on historical sources and views from historians, aiming to achieve the original aspect of the sculpture. The second part of the research consists of the embedding of the obtained model in a custom application able to render in real-time the 3D reconstruction of the lion. Then, the rendering is overlaid to the video stream of the real scene and, as a result, a complete 3D digital model of the sculpture is achieved and could be visualized through a VR viewer. As a case study, we focus on a Roman stone sculpture of a male lion conserved in the Museo Estense of Modena (Italy), which lacks of its head and its four legs. The original aspect of the lion may be achieved by integrating the damaged sculpture with other photogrammetric reconstructions of lions sculptures of the same period and with 3D model based on historical sources. Finally, the lion is visualized through an augmented reality application which digitally overlays the reconstructed models on the original one.

2018 - An Augmented Reality Application for the Visualization and the Pattern Analysis of a Roman Mosaic [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Santachiara, Mattia; Gherardini, Francesco; Leali, Francesco
abstract

The visualization and analysis of mosaics and pavements are often compromised by their large sizes, which do not enable the observer to perceive their whole arrangement or to focus on details placed in farthest areas from its boundaries. Moreover, the usual precarious state of conservation of these artefacts, often with damaged or missing areas, makes it difficult to perceive their original aesthetic value. To overcome these limitations, we propose an application of augmented reality able to support the observer in two ways: first, the application completes the missing surface of the mosaic or pavement by integrating the existent surface with a virtual reconstruction; second, it enables the analysis of the geometric pattern of the mosaic/pavement by overlaying virtual lines and geometric figures in order to explicit its geometric arrangements. The result is achieved via a custom Android application able to recognize and track the mosaic figure pattern and extra marker board, obtaining in that way a coordinate system used to render in real-time the reconstruction of the mosaic. Such rendering is overlaid to the video stream of the real scene. The application runs on a standard smartphone embedded in a Google Cardboard-compatible viewer and therefore is extremely affordable. As a case study, in order to reconstruct its aspects and to analyse its geometric pattern, we chose the roman mosaic re-found in Savignano sul Panaro (near Modena, Italy) in 2011, after 115 years from its first discovery, which is preserved less than half of its original 4.5 x 6.9 m surface.

2018 - Modelling and Simulation of a Hydrostatic Steering System for Agricultural Tractors [Articolo su rivista]
Zardin, Barbara; Borghi, Massimo; Gherardini, Francesco; Zanasi, Nicholas
abstract

The steering system of a vehicle impacts on the vehicle performance, safety and on the driver’s comfort. Moreover, in off-road vehicles using hydrostatic steering systems, the energy dissipation also becomes a critical issue. These aspects push and motivate innovation, research and analysis in the field of agricultural tractors. This paper proposes the modelling and analysis of a hydrostatic steering system for an agricultural tractor to calculate the performance of the system and determine the influence of its main design parameters. The focus here is on the driver’s steering feel, which can improve the driver’s behavior reducing unnecessary steering corrections during the working conditions. The hydrostatic steering system is quite complex and involves a hydraulic circuit and a mechanical mechanism to transmit the steering to the vehicle tires. The detailed lumped parameters model here proposed allows to simulate the dynamic behavior of the steering system and to both enhance the understanding of the system and to improve the design through parameters sensitivity analysis.

2017 - A systematic user-centred framework for engineering product design in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) [Articolo su rivista]
Gherardini, Francesco; Renzi, Cristina; Leali, Francesco
abstract

The systematic integration of user needs in the product design is a key issue in industry, especially for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which suffer a lack of engineering methods and resources. Moreover, most of the approaches described in the literature are not flexible enough to be tailored on the SMEs’ needs, involve users only in the early design phases and are not fully accessible due to the high cost in their implementation. The present paper proposes a user-centred design methodological framework specifically focused on SMEs, which supports the designer from both design and manufacturing aspects along the engineering product design process. The framework integrates engineering methods with Web-based software tools, which enable the communication and the concurrent work of the design team, and supports direct participation of users. Beside state-of-the-art methods, the framework allows the integration of specifically tailored techniques. The framework is successfully validated through an industrial case study developed in collaboration with an Italian SME. As a result, the design of an injection-moulded housing and the related interfaces of a biomedical electronic device are achieved with a reduction of uncertainty and development time, by involving users throughout the design phases and suggesting methods and tools on the basis of the designers’ know-how and SME’s specific resources.

2017 - Design Archetype of Synchronizers in Mechanical Transmissions [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Adami, Edoardo; Gherardini, Francesco; Peroni, Mariele; Brentegani, Andrea; Leali, Francesco
abstract

2017 - Reciprocal Frames in Temporary Structures: An Aesthetical and Parametric Investigation [Articolo su rivista]
Gherardini, Francesco; Leali, Francesco
abstract

This paper deals with the use of reciprocal frames in temporary gridshell structures, such as architectural pavilions in expositions and installations. These architectural examples can benefit from the use of short, easy to handle, generally joint-free, and repeatable âmodulesâ in order to create particular self-supporting structures. The lightweight and interwoven grid obtained by connecting short elements according to the reciprocity principle is structurally efficient and, at the same time, aesthetically pleasing, mainly due to the resulting tessellation. The paper firstly investigates the connection between efficiency and aesthetics. The last part of the paper investigates some temporary architectural pavilions from both an aesthetical and parametric point of view. In order to deepen our understanding of these structures, they are re-modelled according to a bottom-up approach by means of a constraint-based parametric CAD modeller. In this way, a reciprocal frame can be explored and modified by the parametric arrangement of its generative elements, which, like a natural organism, grows in self-generating forms.

2016 - A Framework for 3D Pattern Analysis and Reconstruction of Persian Architectural Elements [Articolo su rivista]
Gherardini, Francesco; Leali, Francesco
abstract

Persian architecture is characterised by shapes and patterns, which can be analysed through mathematical models. Beside 2D patterns, many of the traditional geometric ornaments are realised on 3D surfaces such as domes or vaults. Literature mainly addresses the 3D problem by means of a 2D scheme, which is an important and synthetic representation but is not exhaustive and lacks of clarity. This paper proposes a framework based on the integration of 2D drawings, as in the traditional approach, and a photogrammetric 3D model based on a sample of standard resolution images (tourist pictures). The framework is tested on a muqarnas, a characteristic Persian ornament, in order to study and analyse its modular design and hierarchy of elements. As a case study, the entrance iwan of the Shah Mosque in Isfahan, Iran, is considered. The result is a link between the 3D patterns and the geometry of architectural elements, which completes and overcomes their schematic 2D representation.

2016 - A parametric CAD-based method for modelling and simulation of positive displacement machines [Articolo su rivista]
Gherardini, Francesco; Zardin, Barbara; Leali, Francesco
abstract

We present an efficient and user-friendly parametric CAD-based design method for the graphical description of positive displacement machines, exploiting commercial parametric CAD software and a tailored interface. An executable module simulates the motion of the machine components, analyzes the machine geometry, and automatically extrapolates the geometrical data from the 3D CAD model, generating data files that can be directly used for following fluid dynamic analyses. The graphical approach supports investigation of the machine performance and exploring optimized design variants. The method has been applied to three industrial test cases: An external gear pump, an axial piston pump, and a gerotor pump. A complete case study focused on the external gear pump is proposed, as well as the results from the other two types are summarized. We validate the CAD-based method by comparing the obtained data with the data coming from the application of state-of-the-art analytical methods.

2016 - APPLICAZIONE DELLA NORMA ISO 16792:2006 PER LA SPECIFICAZIONE GEOMETRICA DI PRODOTTO 3D IN AMBITO AUTOMOTIVE [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Andrisano, Angelo Oreste; Gherardini, Francesco; Renzi, Cristina; Bonazzi, Enrico; Leali, Francesco
abstract

Accanto alla documentazione tecnica di prodotto mediante disegni ed annotazioni 2D, nella pratica industriale è fortemente sentita l’esigenza di gestire le informazioni tecniche di prodotto direttamente nell’ambiente di modellazione CAD 3D. Con l’obiettivo di migliorare la gestione del ciclo di vita di prodotto tramite modelli 3D, i produttori di software CAD 3D commerciali e l’industria stessa, soprattutto in ambito automotive ed aerospace, hanno generato molteplici soluzioni che tuttavia risultano individualizzate e non univoche. La normativa tecnica ISO definisce linee guida per la specificazione geometrica di prodotto 3D, che tuttavia risultano solamente in parte accolte da un punto di vista industriale e commerciale. In questo scenario, il presente studio vuole verificare l’implementazione dei contenuti della norma ISO 16792:2006 in alcuni CAD 3D commerciali selezionati. Mediante un benchmark industriale opportunamente identificato, i CAD 3D sono comparati sulla base di criteri redatti secondo la norma ISO 16792:2006 stessa. I risultati ottenuti permettono di individuare, per ogni CAD 3D analizzato, eventuali gap operativi ed i relativi interventi volti a garantire il raggiungimento di un livello comune di applicabilità della norma e di leggibilità della documentazione tecnica 3D generata.

2016 - Genetic algorithm optimization and robustness analysis for the computer aided design of fixture systems in automotive manufacturing [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Ansaloni, Matteo; Bonazzi, Enrico; Gherardini, Francesco; Leali, Francesco
abstract

Fixture Systems (FSs) have great importance in machining, welding, assembly, measuring, testing and other manufacturing processes. One of the most critical issue in FS design is the choice of both the type of fixing devices such as clamps, locators, and support points, (configuration), and their arrangement with respect to workpieces (layout). Several authors deal with the problem of determine the most suitable solution for FSs, often investigating their layout without considering the change of the type of locators. A computer aided design method is proposed to compare and evaluate different configurations for a FS, optimizing the locator type and analysing the roboustness of the solution. A multi-objective optimization based on a genetic algorithm is presented and the selection of the most suitable configuration is performed through the definition of robustness indexes. The effectiveness of the design method is demonstrated for an automotive case study.

2012 - Metodo di progettazione di sistemi di fixture per l’assemblaggio di telai automobilistici mediante analisi di sensibilità [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Andrisano, Angelo Oreste; Ansaloni, Matteo; Berselli, Giovanni; Bonazzi, Enrico; Gherardini, Francesco; Leali, Francesco; Pellicciari, Marcello; Pini, Fabio; Renzi, Cristina; Vergnano, Alberto
abstract

I sistemi di fixture influenzano enormemente i processi di assemblaggio in molti campi della meccanica, in quanto influiscono direttamente sul calcolo della catena di tolleranza. La memoria illustra un metodo di progettazione che permette di comparare e valutare differenti sistemi di fissaggio, considerando sia la posizione che il tipo di locatori. Poiché i sistemi di fixture possono essere considerati dei sistemi multi-prestazionali, il confronto viene eseguito attraverso l’impiego di opportuni indici di sensibilità. Il metodo è stato applicato ad un caso di studio in ambito automotive relativo alla saldatura in continuo di estrusi in allumino, con l’obiettivo di garantire misure di gap con la minore variabilità possibile.

2011 - Design Of Simulation Experiments method for Injection Molding process optimization [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Andrisano, Angelo Oreste; Gherardini, Francesco; Leali, Francesco; Pellicciari, Marcello; Vergnano, Alberto
abstract

Purpose:Many studies demonstrate that DOE, CAE and optimization tools can be very effective in product and process development, however their integration is still under investigation, hampering the applicability of such engineering methods in Industry. This paper presents a Design Of Simulation Experiments (DOSE) method, developed to determine the optimal set of process parameters (factors) for given product requirements (responses).Method:The method is developed performing an original selection and integration of engineering procedures and techniques based on DOE, CAE and multi-objective optimization, chosen according to the following criteria: ease of application, time-saving and use of reduced resources.Result:The developed method consists of two main steps: a first screening of factors based on a fractional DOE is followed by a systematic experimental plan based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), in which only key factors are investigated. A regression model is finally developed to describe the responses as functions of key factors and a multi-objective optimization is proposed to obtain optimal responses by tuning the process factors in their variability range. The DOSE method is finally validated on the design of an injection molded housing for a biomedical application. This thin shell component has dimension 45mmx37mmx16mm, wall thickness from 2mm to 0,5mm and is made of polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), a high performance thermoplastic.Discussion & Conclusion:The design method achieves good responses in terms of dimensional and geometrical requirements (e.g. warpage, shrinkage, sink marks), and improves the shell moldability. The DOSE method can be easily adopted in industrial product/process development to define the optimal process parameters for a better final quality of the products.

2011 - Una metodologia innovativa di progettazione integrata per l'analisi e la caratterizzazione della sensitività delle performance [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Andrisano, Angelo Oreste; Ansaloni, Matteo; Gherardini, Francesco; Leali, Francesco; Pellicciari, Marcello; Pini, Fabio; Vergnano, Alberto
abstract

Il presente lavoro è volto all’analisi e alla caratterizzazione della sensitività delle performance dei processi tecnologici. Le tradizionali tecniche di Robust Design utilizzate per l’analisi e l’ottimizzazione di processi e prodotti non sono state sviluppate con l’obiettivo dell’analisi della sensitività e, pertanto, presentano alcune carenze applicative. Il presente articolo propone un approccio alternativo che integra, estendendola ai processi tecnologici, la teoria della Performance Sensitivity Distribution (PSD), originariamente proposta nell’ambito dell’analisi dei meccanismi e, in particolare, nell’analisi dei manipolatori. Questo nuovo approccio, denominato specialized PSD, descrive il problema della sensitività delle performance attraverso la definizione di parametri chiave del progetto, suddivisi in Design Variables (DV) e Design Parameters (DP), e la formalizzazione di Performance Functions (PF). In accordo con la teoria PSD, la sensitività delle PF è espressa in funzione delle deviazioni dei DV e dei DP dai relativi valori nominali: essa è geometricamente descritta da un iperellissoide costruito nello spazio delle deviazioni, e valutata attraverso l’introduzione di indici di sensitività. La complessità nell’estensione dell’approccio PSD all’analisi dei processi tecnologici è legata alla necessità di ottenere la descrizione matematica delle PF in funzione dei parametri di progetto. Il metodo proposto, tuttavia, permette di superare tale problematica mediante un approccio legato all’analisi di regressione su dati sperimentali. Una strategia di Design Of Experiments viene applicata allo studio dei processi, così da campionare il comportamento delle PF in funzione della variazione dei parametri di progetto. Un caso di stampaggio ad iniezione di un provino è riportato al fine della validazione del metodo. In un’ottica di progettazione integrata, il metodo proposto si rivela utile per la caratterizzazione delle performance, specialmente nelle prime fasi di sviluppo di prodotto e processo.

2010 - Metodi di progettazione integrata di sistemi automatici adattivi [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Andrisano, Angelo Oreste; Faretra, Marco; Gherardini, Francesco; Guerra, Alessandro; Leali, Francesco; Pellicciari, Marcello; Pini, Fabio; Vergnano, Alberto
abstract

Le prestazioni dei moderni sistemi automatici di assemblaggio derivano sempre più dall’integrazione di apparati meccanici con attuatori programmabili, sensori, sistemi di elaborazione dati e complesse logiche di controllo. La disponibilità di tali tecnologie permette di affrontare nuove sfide tecniche ma comporta una rivoluzione nel modo di concepire meccanismi e macchine. I tradizionali modelli di progettazione, orientati alla definizione per funzioni degli apparati e strutturati con l’intervento sequenziale delle diverse aree di conoscenza dell’ingegneria, non permettono di sfruttare tutte le potenzialità delle diverse tecnologie coinvolte e di progettare comportamenti adattivi. È dunque necessario costruire nuovi metodi di progettazione che consentano di produrre sistemi in grado di interagire con l’ambiente circostante, di adattare autonomamente il proprio comportamento e di massimizzare e/o ottimizzare le prestazioni. Il presente lavoro descrive un metodo per la progettazione integrata di sistemi automatici adattivi attraverso la modellazione e la prototipazione virtuale dei comportamenti. Il metodo segue un approccio sistematico e considera, a diversi livelli di dettaglio, l’evoluzione dinamica dei comportamenti sia tempo-continua che guidata da eventi discreti. L’integrazione delle conoscenze e delle tecnologie in un ambiente virtuale può portare all’evoluzione in nuovi principi risolutivi, alla creazione delle basi di conoscenza su cui sono basate le logiche adattive, ad avanzate strategie di sensorizzazione ed attuazione, all’ottimizzazione complessiva del sistema ed alla compressione dei tempi di sviluppo. Questa memoria riporta infine l’applicazione del metodo proposto nella progettazione di un sistema di assemblaggio automatico.

2009 - Metodi di visione artificiale in sistemi robotizzati per il settore automotive [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Andrisano, Angelo Oreste; Pellicciari, Marcello; Leali, Francesco; Vergnano, Alberto; Pini, Fabio; Gherardini, Francesco; Faretra, Marco
abstract

Il presente articolo descrive un nuovo approccio di programmazione e guida robot capace di generare, automaticamente e in tempo reale, percorsi di lavorazione ottimizzati in funzione di singoli componenti. Tale metodo è stato validato sperimentalmente applicandolo al processo di sbavatura di una piccola serie di testate per motori a elevate prestazioni. Infatti i moderni sistemi robotizzati di produzione sono spesso impiegati in operazioni complesse su componenti che sono caratterizzati, specialmente nel settore automotive, da profili e geometrie multiformi, che variano radicalmente da un lotto produttivo a un altro e, nel caso di tecnologie che generano bave e difetti superficiali, anche all’interno di uno stesso lotto. Per ottenere l’elevata qualità richiesta dall’Industria, tali sistemi, molto ripetibili ma intrinsecamente poco precisi rispetto ai tradizionali centri CNC, richiedono la definizione di percorsi utensile composti da migliaia di punti e da articolati programmi robot, all’interno dei quali i parametri cinematici, dinamici e di lavoro vengono continuamente modificati. L’impiego di sistemi di guida robot a elevate prestazioni assume, dunque, un’importanza strategica nel processo di generazione del percorso utensile, specialmente all’interno di settori industriali nei quali è ancora largamente diffusa la pratica di generare manualmente, in autoapprendimento, le istruzioni di movimento dei robot e nei quali l’impiego di sistemi di programmazione offline CAD/CAE stenta ancora a trovare vasta applicazione. Di conseguenza, la fase di programmazione robot e il tempo a essa dedicato, rappresenta un aspetto che incide profondamente sulla reale flessibilità e produttività dei sistemi robotizzati.

2009 - Metodi e strumenti di prototipazione virtuale per il progetto e l’ottimizzazione di macchine e sistemi di automazione industriale [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Andrisano, Angelo Oreste; Leali, Francesco; Pellicciari, Marcello; Faretra, Marco; Gherardini, Francesco; Pini, Fabio; Vergnano, Alberto
abstract

A seguito della drastica evoluzione del mercato il settore industriale della meccanica ha mostrato l’esigenza di interagire in modo sempre più efficace con il mondo della ricerca e dell’Università, con l’obiettivo primario di sviluppare prodotti e processi produttivi innovativi. Tale andamento si è concretizzato, da parte delle aziende, nell’orientamento al raggiungimento di un’elevata qualità durante tutto il ciclo di sviluppo prodotto/processo e nell’interesse alla (ri)-qualificazione dei propri addetti o all’acquisizione di nuove figure professioni di alto profilo. L’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, in collaborazione con altri Atenei emiliani e con la Regione Emilia Romagna ha operato con continuità, negli ultimi anni, per favorire e sostenere un efficace processo di trasferimento tecnologico dal mondo della ricerca verso il tessuto imprenditoriale. La costituzione del laboratorio SIMECH per la progettazione integrata e la simulazione, oggi confluito nella più ampia aggregazione INTERMECH, e la presentazione del progetto di creazione di un Polo Tecnologico per la Meccanica Avanzata e la Motoristica, con sede presso il Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Civile di Modena, hanno costituito le tappe fondamentali di un’aggregazione orientata al consolidamento delle attività di ricerca di interesse del mondo produttivo e al loro rapido trasferimento industriale. Il presente articolo presenta due delle attività svolte negli ambiti del progetto, con particolare riferimento allo sviluppo di metodi e strumenti di prototipazione virtuale e all’ottimizzazione di macchine e sistemi per l’automazione industriale. Il primo caso presentato tratta lo sviluppo e la progettazione di una linea robotizzata di lavorazione ed assemblaggio di telai automobilistici in alluminio, svolta in collaborazione con SIR S.p.A., azienda leader nell’integrazione di sistemi industriali robotizzati, ed Alcoa Inc., importante gruppo specializzato nella produzione di telai, per conto di un’importante azienda automobilistica modenese. La seconda attività di trasferimento descrive il lavoro svolto in collaborazione con Dassault Systèms Italia nello sviluppo di metodi di progettazione di sistemi meccatronici adattativi di lavorazione basati su tecniche avanzate di Virtual Commissioning, attualmente implementati all’interno di alcuni importanti gruppi aziendali del territorio nazionale.

2009 - Progettazione orientata alla robustezza di prodotto e processo [Articolo su rivista]
Andrisano, Angelo Oreste; Gherardini, Francesco; Pini, Fabio; Vergnano, Alberto
abstract

Progettare componenti per automobili di lusso ad elevate prestazioni implica la definizione di traguardi funzionali e prestazionali da perseguire con techiche orientate alla qualità totale del prodotto finale, valutata anche in termini di contenuti emozionali, senza tralasciare comunque la riduzione dei costi e l'ottimizzazione dei tempi e delle risorse aziendali.La multidisciplinarietà e la complessità del problema rende quindi necessario un approccio strutturato basato su metodi di ingegneria simultanea e sul coinvolgimento dei fornitori nelle attività di progettazione, almeno nelle fasi più critiche di definizione della catena di valore. Attraverso un approccio integrato basato sulla modellazione CAD/CAM e sull'adozione di tecniche SPC (Statistical Process Control) e FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis), si è giunti al miglioramento generale del meccanismo e al conseguente incremento della qualità di tutta la famiglia di torrette cambio ad esso correlata, soprattutto in termini di qualità percepita dall'utente finale. I risultati ottenuti hanno, inoltre, portato allo sviluppo di una soluzione specifica finalizzata al miglioramento della robustezza del prodotto e del processo produttivo sull'intero ciclo di vita.

2008 - Metodi di progettazione integrata e simulazione di sottogruppi di macchine alternative [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Andrisano, Angelo Oreste; Barbanti, Giovanni; Pellicciari, Marcello; Leali, Francesco; Faretra, Marco; Gherardini, Francesco; Pini, Fabio; Vergnano, Alberto
abstract

I moderni criteri di progettazione dei sistemi meccanici, spesso finalizzati a fronteggiare le elevate prestazioni delle macchine e la drastica riduzione dei costi e dei tempi di consegna, richiedono di considerare ed ottimizzare in tempi ridotti numerosi parametri funzionali all’interno di scenari operativi eterogenei, in cui gli aspetti strutturali, cinematici e dinamici non possono essere valutati indipendentemente. I metodi tradizionali di progettazione spesso affrontano questi aspetti in modo necessariamente approssimato e richiedono onerosi test su prototipi reali per la verifica e la messa a punto del sistema. La prototipazione virtuale utilizza diversi strumenti CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) per realizzare modelli di sistemi meccanici reali che tuttavia vengono ancora prevalentemente utilizzati come strumenti di verifica di sistemi già definiti con tecniche tradizionali. Nel presente lavoro si discute un metodo di progettazione che, pur fondandosi su solide basi di conoscenza tradizionali, permette di identificare con certezza i principali parametri progettuali su cui intervenire ed utilizza estesamente la prototipazione virtuale come strumento di progettazione. Si presenta inoltre la sua applicazione nella progettazione di un sistema per la sperimentazione di una macchina alternativa

2008 - Metodi e strumenti PLM per la progettazione integrata di sistemi meccatronici [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Andrisano, Angelo Oreste; Gherardini, Francesco; Leali, Francesco; Pellicciari, Marcello; Pini, Fabio; Vergnano, Alberto
abstract

Lo sviluppo di prodotti e sistemi meccatronici implica attività multidisciplinari e concorrenti da svolgere con metodi e strumenti di sviluppo molto diversi tra loro. L’integrazione di tali attività è fondamentale per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi prestazionali ed il successo del prodotto e rappresenta uno dei maggiori problemi da risolvere a livello progettuale. Il trasferimento di conoscenze ed informazioni tra aree di competenza intrinsecamente diverse, da sincronizzare nei relativi processi di sviluppo, risulta il maggior limite da superare ed è spesso la causa principale di ritardi o di prestazioni non completamente ottimizzate. Nuovi ambienti di simulazione comportamentale sull’intero ciclo di vita permettono finalmente di disporre degli strumenti e tecnologie abilitanti per trasferire le reciproche conoscenze tra i diversi gruppi di lavoro e giungere in tempi ridotti ad una reale ottimizzazione dei sistemi. Gli autori hanno effettuato diverse esperienze nella progettazione di sistemi meccatronici nel campo della robotica ed automazione ed hanno ideato specifici metodi e strategie di impiego degli strumenti della piattaforma Delmia, che hanno permesso di sfruttarne le potenzialità raggiungendo vantaggi valutati e comparati rispetto allo stato dell’arte.

Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia

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