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FEDERICA BONDIOLI

COLLABORATORE COORDINATO CONTINUATIVO
Direzione Pianificazione, Valutazione e Servizi Informatici Applicativi

Pubblicazioni

2023 - Eco‐Sustainable Approaches in Bone Tissue Engineering: Evaluating the Angiogenic Potential of Different Poly(3‐Hydroxybutyrate‐Co‐3‐Hydroxyhexanoate)–Nanocellulose Composites with the Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay [Articolo su rivista]
Stanzani, Virginia; Giubilini, Alberto; Checchi, Marta; Bondioli, Federica; Messori, Massimo; Palumbo, Carla
abstract

2019 - Effect of powder recycling in laser-based powder bed fusion of Ti-6Al-4V [Articolo su rivista]
Denti, L.; Sola, A.; Defanti, S.; Sciancalepore, C.; Bondioli, F.
abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) has shown promise to process parts for end-use applications, however stringent requirements must be fulfilled in terms of reliability and predictability. The expensiveness of raw materials for AM, especially for metal-based Powder Bed Fusion (PBF), brings about the need for a careful recycling of powder, but the effect of powder reuse on both processing conditions and final part performance is still the focus of intensive research in the open literature. Although ASTM F2924-14 specifies the virgin-to-used powder ratio to be introduced to manufacture titanium-6aluminum-4vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) components by PBF, a deeper understanding of the effect of powder recycling on the mechanical properties of finished parts is expected to foster a more efficient and safe reuse. The present contribution is therefore addressed to investigate the consequence of Ti- 6Al-4V powder recycling on the flowability, particle size distribution and morphology of the feedstock material as well as on the density and tensile performance of built parts. In order to quantify the recyclability of powders, a new "average usage time" (AUT) parameter is defined to account for both the real usage time of the powder and the virgin-to-used powder mixing ratio. The new parameter, whose applicability can be readily extended to any kind of feedstock powder, offers a significant contribution to achieve a more consistent and economical recycling of raw materials for PBF processing.

2018 - 3D printing processes for photocurable polymeric materials: technologies, materials, and future trends [Articolo su rivista]
Taormina, Gabriele; Sciancalepore, Corrado; Messori, Massimo; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

The aim of this review is a faithful report of the panorama of solutions adopted to fabricate a component using vat photopolymerization (VP) processes. A general overview on additive manufacturing and on the different technologies available for polymers is given. A comparison between stereolithography and digital light processing is also presented, with attention to different aspects and to the advantages and limitations of both technologies. Afterward, a quick overview of the process parameters is given, with an emphasis on the necessities and the issues associated with the VP process. The materials are then explored, starting from base matrix materials to composites and nanocomposites, with attention to examples of applications and explanations of the main factors involved.

2018 - Effects of nano-silica treatment on the flexural post cracking behaviour of polypropylene macro-synthetic fibre reinforced concrete [Articolo su rivista]
DI MAIDA, Pietro; Sciancalepore, Corrado; Radi, Enrico; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

The effects of a surface nano-silica treatment, carried out with the sol gel method, on the post-cracking behaviour of polypropylene macro-synthetic fibre reinforced concrete are experimentally investigated here for the first time. The present study extends previous experimental and analytical investigations on the corresponding improvement of the bonding properties of a single synthetic macro fibre, performed by means of pull-out test. Scanning electron microscopy is adopted here to explore the changes in the morphological characteristics of polypropylene macro synthetic fibres, before and after mixing in the concrete matrix. A comparative analysis, carried out with three-point bending tests on notched beam specimens, is used to evaluate the effects of the nano-silica treatment on the concrete post cracking behaviour. Increase in concrete toughness and residual post-cracking strength is recorded due to improved adhesion between fibres and the concrete matrix and to the consequent increase in the frictional shear stress generated during the fibre pull-out, especially for large crack opening. As shown by the SEM images, the nano-treatment favours the bonding of the concrete hydration products to the surface of the treated fibres, thus ensuring strengthening of the interface transition zone. In addition, the links between the nano-silica coating and the concrete hydration products improve the frictional shear stress and thus the overall energy absorption, as denoted by the increase of the residual strength during the post-cracking phase.

2017 - DREAM: Driving up reliability and efficiency of additive manufacturing [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Sciancalepore, Corrado; Bondioli, Federica; Gatto, Andrea; Defanti, Silvio; Denti, Lucia; Bassoli, Elena
abstract

The DREAM project, financed by the EU Commission (H2020, Work program: FOF-13-2016: Photonics Laser-based production) is an end-user driven action which aligns the research and development of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies to the specific needs of its three industrial end users, Ferrari SpA, Adler Ortho France SARL, and RB Srl. The Action brings together experts in the field of AM technologies, powder and material characterization, component engineering, laser-matter interaction, to deliver an optimized approach that will be developed and demonstrated to the requirements of the end users. The first results of the project are here reported.

2017 - Energy Efficiency in the Microwave-Assisted Solid-State Synthesis of Cobalt Aluminate Pigment [Articolo su rivista]
Veronesi, Paolo; Leonelli, Cristina; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

Due to their rapid, selective, and volumetric heating, microwaves have been widely used in the past to enhance solid-state reactions as well as the synthesis of ceramic pigments. The aim of this work is to present a case study involving the preparation of blue CoAl2O4 pigment using different microwave applicators and generator frequencies, showing the advantages which can derive from a properly designed microwave reactor for the solid-state synthesis of such pigment. The results show that, when using a properly designed microwave applicator, the specific energy consumption can be significantly lowered compared to conventional heating techniques. Consistently with the data on the dielectric properties of precursors found in literature, the microwave processing of cobalt oxide and aluminum hydroxide mixtures resulted more favorable at 2.45 GHz than at 5.8 GHz microwave frequency.

2017 - Environmental and human health assessment of life cycle of nanoTiO2 functionalized porcelain stoneware tile [Articolo su rivista]
Pini, M.; Bondioli, F.; Montecchi, Rita; Neri, P.; Ferrari, A. M.
abstract

Recently, there has been a rise in the interest in nanotechnology due to its enormous potential for the development of newproducts and applications with higher performance and new functionalities. However, while nanotechnology might revolutionize a number of industrial and consumer sectors, there are uncertainties and knowledge gaps regarding toxicological effects of this emerging science. The goal of this research concerns the implementation into Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of preliminary frameworks developed to evaluate human toxicity and exposure factors related to the potential nanoparticle releases that could occur during the life cycle steps of a functionalized building material. The present LCA case study examines the ecodesign of nanoTiO2 functionalized porcelain stoneware tile production. The aimof this investigation is to manufacture neweco-friendly products in order to protect human health and ecosystem quality and to offer the market, materials with higher technological properties obtained by the addition of specific nanomaterials.

2016 - Bioactive nanocomposites for dental application obtained by reactive suspension method [Articolo su rivista]
Boumezgane, Oussama; Bondioli, Federica; Bortolini, Sergio; Natali, Alfredo; Boccaccini, Aldo R.; Boccardi, Elena; Messori, Massimo
abstract

N/A

2016 - Light-storing photocatalyst: The possibility of activating titanium dioxide by photoluminescence [Articolo su rivista]
Cattini, Stefano; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

Introduction: The aim of the present work was to analyze the possibility of creating a light-storing photocatalyst material, a system that couples a phosphorescent substrate with a titania coating. The substrate could activate the titanium dioxide coating even in condition of darkness thanks to its light emission. This improvement of absorption can be achieved because the titania semiconductor is irradiated both by the direct light and by the luminescent substrate which is activated at the same time. Methods: TiO2-based sol-gel solutions were deposited on commercial borosilicate glasses containing 2 different phosphorescent pigments (emission peaks at 470 and 520 nm, respectively). Particular attention was paid to optimize the film-substrate adhesion by using a scratch test to evaluate the optimal temperature of the posttreatment step. Results and discussion: The main result is that when irradiated the photoluminescent pigments allow an increase in the photocatalytic acitivity of the coatings. The pigments are able to convert the ultraviolet component of light in order to increase the amount of energy that can be absorbed by titania. Moreover, the hydrophilicity test showed that in the absence of irradiation the phosphorescent samples are characterized by a lower loss of superhydrophilicity.

2015 - Pullout behavior of polypropylene macro-synthetic fibers treated with nano-silica [Articolo su rivista]
DI MAIDA, Pietro; Radi, Enrico; Sciancalepore, Corrado; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

A study of the effects of nano-silica treatment on the bonding properties of macro synthetic polypropylene fibers embedded in a cement matrix is provided in the present paper as a step to improve interfacial properties of the fiber reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC). Polypropylene fibers were treated by sol–gel technique, allowing to obtain a nano-silica coating. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphological features of PP fibers surfaces before and after the pullout test. The effects of the treatment were investigated by comparative pullout tests on treated and untreated fibers. An increase in maximum load and energy necessary for the complete extraction of the fiber was observed, as a consequence of the improvement of the interface properties due to the nano-silica hydration activity. These two parameters control the crack-resistance and ductility properties of FRCC and are deeply affected by bonding and friction phenomena. The hydration products act as chemical and physical anchors, thus producing a densification of the interface transition zone (ITZ). The abrasion phenomena occurring on the fiber surface during the pullout test are responsible of hardening behavior, consisting in the increase in the frictional shear stress with the fiber slip and thus in the energy required for fiber extraction.

2014 - Durability of self-cleaning TiO2 coatings on fired clay brick façades: Effects of UV exposure and wet & dry cycles [Articolo su rivista]
Lorenzo, Graziani; Enrico, Quagliarini; Bondioli, Federica; Marco, D'Orazio
abstract

Environmental pollution is constantly increasing and it causes aesthetical concerns to urban buildings exposed to the atmosphere. Nanometric titanium dioxide (TiO2) has become a promising photocatalytic material owing to its ability to accelerate degradation of many organic contaminants. Application of TiO2 is rising and it found application on building industry. However, photocatalytic properties of this nanotechnology strongly depend on substrate morphology and on its nature. Thus, it is not correct to extrapolate photocatalytic activity on different types of substrate. Moreover, very few information is available about effectiveness of TiO2 coatings after aging phenomena when applied on different substrate. This paper aims to investigate photocatalytic properties of TiO2 applied on clay brick surfaces both after deposition and after aging process. TiO2 characterization was carried out by assessing nano-film morphology, wettability and self-cleaning efficiency before durability test. Self-cleaning ability was also evaluated during aging test in order to evaluate its variation in long term applications. Results show that photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 remain stable after aging, thus TiO2 shows a good photocatalytic efficiency when it is applied to clay brick substrate. In the long run, photocatalytic efficiency of clay brick specimens treated with TiO2 is seven times higher than untreated specimens.

2014 - EPDM rubber reinforced with titania generated by nonhydrolytic sol-gel process [Articolo su rivista]
Paderni, Katia; Morselli, Davide; Bondioli, Federica; Luyt, Adriaan S.; Mokhothu, Thabang H.; Messori, Massimo
abstract

EPDM rubber was reinforced with titania in situ generated by using a nonhydrolytic sol-gel (NHSG) process starting from TiCl4 as titania precursor and tert-butanol as oxygen donor. Titania particles in anatase form and with average diameter of 6 nm were synthesized via NHSG route and then the same procedure was adopted in presence of EPDM rubber to obtain composites containing up to 30 wt% of filler. Extraction and equilibrium swelling tests suggested an interfering effect of the NHSG reaction on the vulcanization process of the rubber resulting to a crosslink density which decreased in the presence of titania. Quasistatic and dynamic-mechanical characterizations indicated that the presence of titania as rigid filler in both the unvulcanized and vulcanized EPDM matrix led to a significant increase in stiffness and stress at break. The experimental values of modulus were systematically higher than the values predicted by classical equations suggesting an additional stiffening contribution deriving from the molecular interaction between the rubber and the filler.

2014 - Epoxy resins reinforced with TiO2 generated by non-hydrolytic sol-gel process [Articolo su rivista]
Morselli, Davide; Bondioli, Federica; Marco, Sangermano; Ignazio, Roppolo; Messori, Massimo
abstract

Innovative epoxy-titania nanocomposites were prepared starting from titania nanoparticles suspended in benzyl alcohol (BzOH) generated by nonhydrolytic sol–gel process from TiCl4. The obtained suspensions were mixed with an epoxy resin (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, DGEBA) and the formulations were cured in the presence of ytterbium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate as cationic initiator. The thermally activated cationic ring-opening polymerization produced a three-dimensional network in which the suspend- ing medium BzOH was covalently linked to the epoxy network according to the “activated monomer” mechanism during the propa- gation step. The presence of titania nanoparticles resulted in a reinforcing and stiffening effect due to both their hydrodynamic effect and, most important, a significantly higher cross-linking density of the composite material with respect to the unfilled epoxy resin.

2014 - Experimental Analysis of Romanesque Masonries Made by Tile and Brick Fragments Found at the Archaeological Site of S. Maria in Portuno [Articolo su rivista]
Enrico, Quagliarini; Stefano, Lenci; Quintilio, Piattoni; Bondioli, Federica; Irene, Bernabei; Giuseppe, Lepore; Mirco, Zaccaria
abstract

The reuse of ancient ceramic fragments in Romanesque masonries was a common practice in the Medieval era. A cultural impoverishment of the masonry building art characterized this period. Pre-existing structures were often exploited to build new masonries, both for civil and religious purpose. Starting from these general considerations, a specific construction technique of some Romanesque masonries of the Church of S. Maria in Portuno (Italy) and made by tile and brick fragments, was studied by a multidisciplinary approach. Analyses of the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the original materials (tile and brick fragments, mortars) were carried out by laboratory tests. Furthermore, some wall specimens were reproduced through the same ceramic materials and construction technique of the original masonries. Compression tests were carried out on these wall specimens so as to understand the influence of this construction technique on their compressive strength, Young’s modulus, and failure mode. The results allowed increased current knowledge on historical materials and on the mechanical behavior of these specific historical masonries. Useful data obtained by experimental characterization of the materials and walls will also allow to guide future restoration works on these masonries.

2013 - CRYSTALLISATION AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF NEPHELINE FORSTERITE GLASS-CERAMICS [Articolo su rivista]
M. I., Martín; Andreola, Nora Maria; Barbieri, Luisa; Bondioli, Federica; Lancellotti, Isabella; Rincón, J. M. a.; M., Romero
abstract

This work presents the results of a study focused on the development of forsterite-nepheline glass-ceramic with the use of rice husk ash (RHA) as a silica source. The glass-ceramics were produced by a sintering process of a glassy frit formulated in the MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 base system with the addition of B2O3 and Na2O to facilitate the melting and pouring processes. The crystallisation study was carried out by depicting the TTT curve (Time-Temperature-Transformation). The mineralogical characterisation of the glass-ceramic materials was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystallisation activation energies were calculated by the Kissinger method. The results obtained show that nepheline (Na2O•Al2O3•SiO2) is the major crystalline phase in the temperature interval 700-950ºC and forsterite (2MgO•SiO2) predominates at temperatures above 950ºC. A study of the microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed to establish the morphological evolution in both shape and spatial arrangement of the nepheline and forsterite crystals on heating.

2013 - Color prediction with simplified Kubelka-Munk model in glazes containing Fe2O3-ZrSiO4 coral pink pigments [Articolo su rivista]
L. M., Schabbach; Bondioli, Federica; M. C., Fredel
abstract

The analysis of the physical interactions between pigments, opacifiers and glazes is fundamental to understand the optical behavior of ceramic glazes. In particular in opaque glazes the crystallized phases can contribute to the optical properties of the system and then to cause changes in the color of the products. In this study the prediction of the color of coral glazes obtained by addition of hematite-zircon pigment (Fe2O3eZrSiO4) in an opaque glaze was carried out with the KubelkaeMunk model. Subsequent to the physical and chemical characterization of the glaze components (frit, opacifier and pigments), the color prediction was performed with the simplified KubelkaeMunk model proposed for zircon pigments. In particular was verified if this model is also valid in the case of pigment Fe2O3eZrSiO4 where the hematite is encapsulated by the zircon structure. Three glazes were prepared to determine the absorption optical constants from the reflectance curves measured with a spectrophotometer. The results obtained with the simplified model were in good agreement with the experimental reflectance curves and the prediction of coral color was possible with a reduced number of experiments.

2013 - Electrically conductive epoxy nanocomposites containing carbonaceous fillers and in-situ generated silver nanoparticles [Articolo su rivista]
A., Dorigato; G., Giusti; Bondioli, Federica; A., Pegoretti
abstract

An epoxy resin was nanomodified with in-situ generated silver nanoparticles (Ag) and with various amounts of carbon black (CB) and carbon nanofibers (NF), in order to increase the electrical conductivity of the matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry tests revealed how the addition of both CB and NF led to a slight decrease of the glass transition temperature of the material, while electron microscopy evidenced how the dimension of CB aggregates increased with the filler content. Both flexural modulus and stress at yield were decreased by CB addition, and the introduction of Ag nanoparticles promoted an interesting improvement of the flexural resistance. CB resulted to be more effective than NF in decreasing the electrical resistance of the materials down to 103 !·cm. Therefore, a rapid heating of the CB-filled samples upon voltage application was observed, while Ag nanoparticles allowed a stabilization of the temperature for elevated voltage application times.

2013 - Influence of Ta2O5 Doping on the Microstructure, Physical and Mechanical Properties of a-Alumina Ceramics [Articolo su rivista]
S. M., Naga; A. M., Hassan; M., Awaad; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

The effects of Ta2O5 addition on the densification behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of Ta2O5- doped alumina ceramics were investigated. The Ta2O5 addition to the alumina matrix was varied from 0.25wt% to 0.75 wt%. In order to optimize the sintering temperature, the powders of each composition were uniaxially pressed at 220 MPa into discs and rectangular bars, which were then pressureless-sintered at a temperature ranging from 1500 to 1650 °C for 1 h. The phase constitution and microstructure of the sintered ceramic bodies were characterized with an X-ray diffractometer and a scanning electron microscope. The mechanical properties of the ceramic bodies were evaluated based on their Vickers hardness (HV1), bending strength and fracture toughness tests. It was found thatTa2O5 addition improved densification, reinforcing and toughening the bodies. Themaximumbending strength, fracture toughness and Vickers hardness of the bodies with 0.75wt% Ta2O5 were 53.4, 43.8 and 33.4% higher than that of pure alumina.

2013 - Nanopowders of dental zirconia obtained by Pechini synthesis route. [Abstract in Rivista]
Bortolini, Sergio; Natali, Alfredo; Bondioli, Federica; Maziero Volpato, Ca; Fredel, Mc; Consolo, Ugo
abstract

Objective: Structural ceramics based on tetragonal zirconia has been used in dentistry with the goal of building prosthetics infrastructures, starting from the machining of prefabricated blocks. However, it is known that this material can undergo aging in humid conditions, thus allowing them to revert to the monoclinic phase, potentially compromising their mechanical properties. The type and amount of stabilizing ions but also the morphology, the particle size distribution, and the structural characteristics of the powders are directly related to this phenomenon. Method: in this work different stabilizing ions (Ce and Y) have been tested to obtain nanosized tetragonal zirconia powders by Pechini (citrate) route. The obtained powders have been characterized in order to evaluate the effect of cerium and yttrium on their sinterability and mechanical properties. The powder characterization shows that the chosen synthesis method allows to obtain nanometric powders of tetragonal zirconia (P42/nmc) through the formation of solid solutions. Defined the optimal sinterization conditions choosing a two step sintering in order to obtain a nanostructured materials, aging test (134°C per 10 hrs in hydrothermal conditions) have been performed on the obtained samples to evaluate the low temperature degradation of zirconia due to the tetragonal-to monoclinic transformation. Result: After aging XRD confirms the presence in both powders of tetragonal solid solutions as main crystallographic phase Conclusion: taking into account that in literature aging at 134°C for 1 hrs is theoretically similar to 3-4 years in vivo, we can conclude that the synthesized powder have a good stability against Low Temperature Degradation (LTD).

2013 - Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Synthesis of Magnetic Iron Oxides Nanocrystals [Articolo su rivista]
Nicola, Florini; Gabriele, Barrera; Paola, Tiberto; Paolo, Allia; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

Benzyl alcohol route, starting form Fe(III) acetylacetonate, was applied to obtain crystalline magnetite nanoparticles. In particular, the effect of synthesis parameters (time and temperature) and use of SOCl2 on the physical and magnetic properties of the so-obtained powders were evaluated. By means of this approach, monocrystalline magnetite particles with size ranging from 5 to 15 nm were obtained.

2013 - Photo-cured epoxy networks functionalized with Fe3O4 generated by non-hydrolytic sol-gel process [Articolo su rivista]
M., Sangermano; P., Allia; P., Tiberto; G., Barrera; Bondioli, Federica; Florini, Nicola; Messori, Massimo
abstract

Magnetite nanoparticles were prepared by means of non hydrolytic sol-gel (NHSG) process in the presence of benzyl alcohol. The obtained magnetite suspensions were mixed with an aliphatic epoxy resin and the formulations were photopolymerized to achieve composite materials with magnetic properties. The prepared magnetite nanoparticles and epoxy composites were fully characterized in terms of their magnetic properties.

2013 - Photocatalytic inactivation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by reactive plasma processed nanocrystalline TiO2 powder [Articolo su rivista]
M., Vijay; K., Ramachandran; P. V., Ananthapadmanabhan; B., Nalini; B. C., Pillai; Bondioli, Federica; A., Manivannan; R. T., Narendhirakannan
abstract

Nanocrystalline titania powder is synthesized using a novel reactive plasma process in which the precursor TiH2 powder is oxidized through thermal plasma in-flight route to generate nano crystalline titania powders.

2013 - Preparation and characterization of EPDM rubber modified within situgenerated silica [Articolo su rivista]
Morselli, Davide; Bondioli, Federica; Adriaan S., Luyt; Thabang H., Mokhothu; Messori, Massimo
abstract

This article is concerned with the preparation of a filled elastomer by means the nonconventional bottom-up approach to polymer composites, alternatively with the conventional mechanical compounding of preformed filler particles with rubber. EPDM rubber was modified with in situ generated silica particles prepared by means of a sol–gel process adopting a solution process. The used synthetic procedure permitted the preparation of highly filled rubbers (up to 40 wt % of silica) with silica particle dimensions ranging from 0.2 to 2 um. Equilibrium swelling and extraction tests indicated a hindering effect of the presence of in situ generated silica on the vulcanization process which reduced the cross linking degree of the rubber matrix. Both tensile tests and dynamic–mechanical analysis showed a significant improvement in the mechanical properties due to the presence of the reinforcing filler, with an enhancement more significant than that expected from a simple hydrodynamic reinforcing mechanism.

2013 - Self-cleaning and antibacteric ceramic tile surface [Articolo su rivista]
DE NIEDERHAUSERN, Simona; Bondi, Moreno; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

The aim of this investigation was the surface functionalization of industrial ceramic tiles by sol-gel technique to improve at the same time the cleanability and the antibacterial activity of surfaces. This objective was pursued through the design and preparation of nanostructured titania-silver coating that was deposited on glazed, unglazed, and polished tiles by air-brushing. The obtained results showed that the applied coatings are transparent, show a good adhesion, and a remarkable antibacterial activity under the tested conditions. The surface photocatalicity was optimized with the higher thermal treatments (200°C) even if photodegradation process is clearly affected by the sample surface roughness.

2013 - Self-cleaning materials on Architectural Heritage: Compatibility of photo-induced hydrophilicity of TiO2 coatings on stone surfaces [Articolo su rivista]
Enrico, Quagliarini; Bondioli, Federica; Giovanni Battista, Goffredo; Antonio, Licciulli; Placido, Munafò
abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be used to realize transparent self-cleaning coatings on stone surfaces as an active and preventive protection system, limiting cleaning and maintenance actions, reducing their costs in Architectural Heritage. This self-cleaning ability is due to photo-induced hydrophilicity on treated surfaces. The aim of this investigation is to analyze this effect, since it could bring to a greater water absorption, a potential source of damage for stone surfaces. Titania sol, obtained by sol-gel and hydrothermal processes, was deposited on travertine by spray coating, in two different ways. Water absorption by capillarity, static contact angle and a specific surface water absorption analysis were assessed before and after the TiO2 treatments. The effects of deposited amount of titania on the characteristics of treated surfaces were evaluated. It was shown that there were no evident changes in the substrate reactivity without ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, while it seems that hydrophilicity due to UV light does not lead to higher water absorption, thus encouraging the use of TiO2 coatings in the field of Architectural Heritage. However, before widely applying this conservative treatment, some further researches are recommended in order to better assess its durability and sustainability.

2012 - Agricultural waste in the synthesis of coral ceramic pigment [Articolo su rivista]
Andreola, Nora Maria; Barbieri, Luisa; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

This work reports the results of an evaluation of the use of rice husk ash as the source of silica in thepreparation of coral ceramic pigments. ZrSiO4eFe2O3 inclusion pigments have been synthesized by solidstate reactions evaluating the effect of the mineralizer and both silica and iron oxide precursors on thereactivity of the system. The colour developed in the derived ceramic glazes has been compared with thecolour developed in comparative pigments prepared from pure SiO2.

2012 - Gomma EPDM rinforzata con silice generata in-situ [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Morselli, Davide; Bondioli, Federica; Messori, Massimo
abstract

gomma EPDM è stata rinforzata generando silice in situ mediante tecnica sol-gel. Il processo in soluzione adottato ha permesso l’ottenimento di campioni a elevata quantità di filler (fino a un 30% in peso). Sia il test a trazione che il comportamento dinamico meccanico hanno dimostrato un netto miglioramento delle proprietà meccaniche dovuto alla presenza del filler rigido in grado di rinforzare la matrice gommosa. Dalle prove a trazione è stato trovato un modulo elastico iniziale significativamente incrementato se confrontato a quello teorico calcolato dall’equazione di Smallwood-Guth-Einstein considerando un semplice meccanismo di rinforzo idrodinamico.

2012 - Mechanical activation of raw materials in the synthesis of Fe2O3-ZrSiO4 inclusion pigment [Articolo su rivista]
Cannio, Maria; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

The traditional ceramic industry has recently witnessed increasing interest in the obtainment of inclusion pigments to stabilize at firing temperature and in the action of molten glass unstable chromospheres such as hematite or cadmium sulphoselenide.This work focuses in the introduction, before the calcination step, of a high energy milling step (mechanosynthesis) to improve the inclusionefficiency of hematite into the zircon matrix by solid state reaction. In particular the synthesis of hematite–zircon inclusion pigment was optimized through an accurate control of the raw material milling time and calcination temperature. The mechanical activation modifies the conditions in which chemical reactions usually take place changing the reactivity of as-milled solids by increase of reaction rates and lowering the reaction temperatures of ground powders.

2012 - Memoria di forma elettro-attivata di compositi polimerici contenenti nanocariche conduttive [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
A., Pegoretti; G., Giusti; A., Dorigato; Messori, Massimo; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

Sono stati preparati e caratterizzati nanocompositi elettricamente conduttivi, al fine di creare un dispositivo a memoria di forma elettro-attivato. Come matrice polimerica è stata utilizzata una base epossidica, reticolata con un indurente amminico tal quale e nanocaricato con particelle di argento (Ag) generate in-situ. Per incrementare la conducibilità del materiale risultante, sono state inoltre aggiunte varie percentuali di nanoparticelle di carbon black (CB) e nanofibre di carbonio (NF). Le analisi termiche (DSC) mostrano come l’aggiunta di nanocariche carboniose porti ad un lieve abbassamento della Tg rispetto al materiale tal quale, mentre le osservazioni morfologiche (FESEM) hanno evidenziato come il carbon black (CB) tenda a creare degli agglomerati uniformemente dispersi nella matrice, con dimensioni crescenti all’aumentare del contenuto di carica. Sia il modulo elastico che le proprietà a snervamento diminuiscono con l’introduzione del CB, mentre le nanoparticelle di Ag garantiscono un interessante effetto irrigidente ed un incremento della resistenza flessionale. La presenza di CB contribuisce maggiormente all’abbassamento della conducibilità elettrica rispetto alle nanofibre di carbonio. E’ stato inoltre osservato un interessante abbassamento della resistività, dovuto all’effetto sinergico tra le nanocariche con diversa morfologia. L’introduzione di CB garantisce un rapido riscaldamento del campione per effetto Joule, mentre l’utilizzo di nanoparticelle di Ag assicura la stabilizzazione della temperatura per tempi di applicazione del voltaggio elevati. La valutazione del grado di recupero della forma su un dispositivo preparato a partire dalla composizione più interessante ha evidenziato un recupero completo della forma per tempi limitati (< 60 s) con una tensione di 220 V.

2012 - PMMA-titania nanocomposites: Properties and thermal degradation behaviour [Articolo su rivista]
T. E., Motaung; A. S., Luyt; Bondioli, Federica; Messori, Massimo; M. L., Saladino; A., Spinella; G., Nasillo; E., Caponetti
abstract

Titania nanoparticles were prepared using a sol-gel method and calcination at 200 and 600 C in order to obtain anatase and rutile phases, respectively. The obtained powders were used to prepare PMMA-titania nanocomposites by a melt compounding method. The effect of the crystalline phase and the amount of titania, in the range 1-5 wt.%, on the morphology, mechanical properties and thermal degradation kinetics of PMMA was investigated by means of X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C{1H}CP-MAS NMR), including the measurement of proton spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T1ρ(H)), in the laboratory frame (T1(H)) and cross polarization times (TCH), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results showed that both types of titania were well dispersed in the polymeric matrix, whose structure remained amorphous. The two types of nanoparticles influenced the degradation of the polymer in different ways because of their different carbon content, particle size and crystal structures.

2012 - Photo-cured epoxy networks reinforced with TiO2 in-situ generated by means of non-hydrolytic sol-gel process [Articolo su rivista]
Morselli, Davide; Bondioli, Federica; M., Sangermano; Messori, Massimo
abstract

Suspensions of titania nanoparticles in benzyl alcohol were synthesised from TiCl4 by means of non- hydrolytic sol-gel (NHSG) process. The stable suspensions were mixed with an aliphatic epoxy resin and subsequently photo-polymerised in the presence of a cationic photo-initiator to produce transparent composite films. The presence of titania didn’t influence significantly the polymerisation rate, while a progressive decrease in the maximum value of epoxy groups conversion was observed by increasing the titania content. Gel content analysis demonstrated that all organic species (benzyl alcohol and corresponding by-products) were covalently linked to the epoxy network, suggesting that both ‘active chain end’ and ‘activated monomer’ mechanisms were active during the propagation step in the cationic ring- opening polymerisation. The presence of titania increased significantly both glass transition temperature and modulus (in the rubbery region) confirming the reinforcing and stiffening effect due to both the presence of inorganic nanofillers and, most importantly, a higher cross-linking density of the composite material with respect to the pristine epoxy matrix. Nano-indentation and scratch tests also showed a systematic increase of hardness and scratch resistance by increasing the filler content.

2012 - Poly(methyl methacrylate)–TiO2 nanocomposites obtained by non-hydrolytic sol–gel synthesis: the innovative tert-butyl alcohol route [Articolo su rivista]
Morselli, Davide; Bondioli, Federica; M., Fiorini; Messori, Massimo
abstract

The present article concerns the preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate)/titania nanocomposites by a non-conventional bottom-up approach, as alternative to the conventional mechanical compounding of preformed filler particles. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was modi- fied with in situ generation of titania nanoparticles by means of the so-called non-hydrolytic sol–gel (NHSG) process in the presence of tert-butyl alcohol (tBuOH) as oxygen donor and polymer solvent. The results showed that the synthetic procedure used permitted the preparation of the highly filled PMMA (up to 20 phr of titania in anatase form) with titania actual content values very close to the nominal ones and with enhanced filler dispersion and homogeneous distribution within the polymeric matrix, avoiding the typical rheological problems related to distributive and dispersive mixing of conventional compounding methods. The presence of titania nanoparticles led to increases in glass transition temperature and E' modulus in the rubbery region for all the prepared samples with respect to the pristine PMMA. Finally, the nano-composites showed an interesting photo-catalytic activity towards organic molecules. The findings led us to conclude that the NHSG process was successfully employed to produce anatase titania in the presence of tBuOH and PMMA. The proposed process seems to offer a very promising method to produce polymer nanocomposites with good filler dispersion and homogeneous distribution and with interesting functional properties such as photo-catalytic activity.

2012 - Resine epossidiche rinforzate con titania generata in situ mediante processo dol-gel non idrolitico [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Morselli, Davide; Bondioli, Federica; M., Sangermano; Messori, Massimo
abstract

Sospensioni di nanoparticelle di titania in alcol benzilico sono state preparate mediante processo sol-gel non-idrolitico e miscelate a una resina epossidica alifatica. Le formulazioni ottenute sono poi state foto-polimerizzate in presenza di un foto-iniziatore cationico per produrre film nanocompositi. La presenza di titania non ha variato significativamente la velocità di foto-polimerizzazione, mentre è stata osservata una riduzione della conversione massima di gruppi epossido all'aumentare del contenuto di titania. Attraverso l'analisi del contenuto di gel è stato evidenziato che tutte le specie organiche presenti (alcol benzilico e relativi sottoprodotti) sono covalentemente legati al reticolo epossidico indicando che entrambi i meccanismi 'active chain end' e 'activated monomer' sono attivi nella fase di propagazione della polimerizzazione cationica per apertura di anello. La presenza di titania ha portato a significativi aumenti sia della temperatura di transizione vetrosa che del modulo e questo effetto di rinforzo è stato attribuito, oltre che all'atteso effetto idrodinamico legato alla presenza di particelle rigide, anche a una maggiore densità di reticolazione nel materiale composito rispetto alla resina epossidica pura.

2012 - Self-cleaning and de-polluting stone surfaces: TiO2 nanoparticles for limestone [Articolo su rivista]
E., Quagliarini; Bondioli, Federica; G. B., Goffredo; C., Cordoni; P., Munafò
abstract

To evaluate the self-cleaning and de-polluting properties of a transparent titania coating, in this investigationa titanium dioxide based suspension was deposited by spray coating on travertine, a porous limestonelargely used as building material. To assess compatibility with stone substrates, microstructureanalysis, color and gloss measurements, static contact angle analysis and two different water absorptiontests were carried out. Self-cleaning and de-polluting activities were assessed by the use of rhodamine Bdecoloration and NOx degradation tests. The results showed good compatibility with stone surfaces andevident efficiency, allowing the use of titania coatings for real outdoor applications.

2012 - Self-cleaning titania coatings for better preservation of architectural heritage [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Quagliarini, E.; Bondioli, Federica; Munafò, P.; Goffredo, G. B.; Riderelli, L.
abstract

The development and application of self-cleaning treatments on historical and architectural stone surfaces could bring a significant improvement in conservation, protection and maintenance of Cultural Heritage. The aim of this investigation is the application of titanium dioxide based coating on historical and architectural surfaces to evaluate its possible use as a self-cleaning treatment.Titanium dioxide based coating was obtained by sol-gel and hydrothermal (134 °C) processes and then the TiO2 sol was applied on travertine (a limestone largely used in historical buildings of Mediterranean area) by spray coating in two different ways, obtaining a single-layer and a three-layer coating.In order to verify the potential use of TiO2 based coating in the field of Architectural Heritage, the maintenance of appearance properties of treated surfaces was monitored by colour and gloss analyses. Static contact angle and wettability were monitored to assess possible changes in surface properties of treated stones and to evaluate photo-induced hydrophilicity. Static contact angle analysis, water adsorption, de-pollution and soiling removal tests were carried out under UV-light exposure to evaluate photo-induced effects and self-cleaning efficiency.Obtained results show that analyzed TiO2 based treatments modify the aestethic aspect of the treated surfaces in a negligible way, while without UV-light exposure there are no evident changes in static contact angle, capillary rise and wettability of treated surfaces. The trasparency of the coatings and the absence of significant changes in the morphology of the limestones seem to allow the use of these coatings on historical and architectural surfaces made up by travertine.Photo-induced effects (hydrophilicity, nitrogen oxide and soiling degradation) are very evident. Treated surfaces show hydrophilic behaviour during UV-light exposure, but this increase in wettability does not seem to lead to higher values of water adsorption, since water creates a film on solid surface without being adsorbed. The analyzed TiO2 coatings are able to effectively photo-degrade NO under UV-light exposure and to accelerate the degradation process of deposited dye. The combination of these properties may lead to an actual self-cleaning effect.The deposited amount of TiO2 through spray coating does not seem to increase photo-induced properties, since just outer layer is in contact with UV-light and external materials to be degraded, like NO (as well as other polluting substances) and deposited soiling.

2012 - Smart surfaces for architectural heritage: Preliminary results about the application of TiO2-based coatings on travertine [Articolo su rivista]
E., Quagliarini; Bondioli, Federica; G. B., Goffredo; A., Licciulli; P., Munafò
abstract

The development and application of self-cleaning treatments on historical and architectural stone surfacescould be a significant improvement in conservation, protection and maintenance of CulturalHeritage. In this paper, a TiO2-based coating has been investigated in order to evaluate its possible use as aself-cleaning treatment. This coating was obtained by a sol-gel and a hydrothermal (134 ◦C) processes andthen it was applied on travertine (a limestone often used in historical and monumental buildings) in twoways, obtaining a single-layer and a three-layer treatment, respectively. In order to verify its potentialuse in the field of Cultural Heritage, the maintenance of appearance properties of the treated travertinesurfaces was monitored by colour and gloss analyses. Besides, de-pollution and soiling removal testswere carried out under ultraviolet-light exposure to evaluate photo-induced effects and self-cleaningefficiency. Results seem to allow the use of TiO2-based treatments on historical and architectural surfacesmade up by travertine, where de-pollution and self-cleaning photo-induced effects are well evident,maintaining their original visual appearance. Anyway, before applying TiO2-based coatings as conservativetreatments, further tests are needed especially on their durability, that is mandatory for CulturalHeritage applications. On-site test in an urban environment and accelerated test by weatherometer arecurrently under way.

2012 - Superfici smart per i beni culturali: applicazione di film fotocatalitici di TiO2 su travertino [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano; G. B., Goffredo; E., Quagliarini; A., Licciulli; P., Munafò
abstract

In questo lavoro si riportano i risultati relativi all'utilizzo di un film sottile fotocatalitico al biossido di titanio per il trattamento di beni architettonici in travertino. Lo sviluppo e l’applicazione di un trattamento fotocatalitico ed autopulente per superfici storiche e architettoniche potrebbe portare, ad un significativo miglioramento della conservazione, protezione e manutenzione dei Beni Culturali. La sospensione di titania applicata è stata ottenuta attraverso un processo sol-gel seguito da cristallizzazione idrotermale (134°C) ed applicata mediante spray coating. L’applicazione di film a diverso spessore è stata condotta in modo da studiare l’effetto dello spessore del coating sulle proprietà funzionali. Le superfici sono state attentamente caratterizzate per valutare, in termini di brillantezza e colore, le eventuali variazioni delle caratteristiche visive della pietra trattata. L’attività fotocatalitica è stata valutata seguendo la normativa di riferimento relativa agli inquinanti solidi e gassosi. Gli incoraggianti risultati di laboratorio ottenuti sono stati di supporto per progettare l’applicazione sulla Chiesa di Sant’Andrea Apostolo ad Ascoli Piceno.

2012 - Tensile characterization of basalt fibre rods and ropes: a first contribution [Articolo su rivista]
E., Quagliarini; F., Monni; S., Lenci; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

Basalt is an emerging material, whose use is increasing in constructions and civil applications as an alternativeto glass, carbon or aramidic fibers. Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) rods and Basalt Fiber(BF) ropes are going to be used as an alternative to glass, carbon or aramidic fibers for strengthening purposesbut few information about their mechanical performances is present in literature and standard testprotocols are missing. Thus, this work tries to provide a test protocol for tensile characterization of BFropes and a validation of the test protocol used for tensile characterization of not-basalt-FRP rods appliedon BFRP rods. This is a very important issue from an engineering standpoint in order to evaluate theirapplicability for architectural heritage retrofitting, as, for example, in repointing (rods), or in innovativetechniques, such as the one actually still being tested in our laboratories, that is aimed to strengthen historicmasonry (ropes). Experimental test results obtained are shown. Results seem to confirm that BFRProds and BF ropes could be a good alternative to other similar products

2012 - Utilization of granodiorite in the production of porcelainstoneware tiles [Articolo su rivista]
S. M., Naga; Bondioli, Federica; M. M. S., Wahsh; M., El Omla
abstract

In the present study, the use of granodiorite, as fluxing agent in a body mix for stoneware ceramic tiles production, was assessed. Fourbatches were formulated using clay from Khaboba, and natural granodiorite from Saint Katherine, Sinai, Egypt. The batches weretailored to completely replace both feldspatic and inert components of stoneware ceramic tiles. Densification was studied according toISO rules, while sinterability was estimated by optical dilatometry. The dependence of microstructure and mechanical properties ofstoneware ceramic tiles on granodiorite content was discussed. Strength measurements showed that increasing granodiorite content thebending strength of the bodies increased. In particular the studied batches can be used for the production of industrial fast firing tiles.The obtained ceramic tiles possess properties similar to commercial ceramic floor and/or wall tiles.

2011 - Application of zirconia in dentistry: biologic, mechanical and optical considerations [Capitolo/Saggio]
Cláudia Ângela Maziero, Volpato; Luis Gustavo D´Altoé, Garbelotto; Márcio Celso, Fredel; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

Aiming to replace the infrastructure of metallic dental prostheses, structural ceramics have been improved and increasingly used in dentistry. Among the dental ceramics, the zirconia has emerged as a versatile and promising material because of its biological, mechanical and optical properties, which has certainly accelerated the routine use of CAD/CAM technology in different types of prosthetic treatment.Routinely, zirconia based ceramics are used in structural applications in engineering as the manufacture of cutting tools, gas sensors, refractories and structural opacifiers. To meet structural demands, zirconia has to be doped with stabilizers to achieve high strength and fracture toughness. The bioceramics nowadays, used in medical and dental care, derived from structural materials used in aerospace and military armor, which were modified to suit the additional requirements of biocompatibility.

2011 - Characterizing thermal bahavior of ceramic glaze containing nano-sized cobalt-aluminate pigment by hot stage microscopy [Articolo su rivista]
Salem, S. h.; S. H., Jazayeri; Bondioli, Federica; A., Allahverdi; M., Shirvani
abstract

The effect of nano-sized cobalt-aluminate pigment on thermal behavior of a typical frit was investigated. The nano-sized cobalt-aluminate powder was prepared by combustion method and the synthesized powder was calcined at 800 and 1000 ◦C. The prepared powder was characterized by DTA-TG, BET, SEM and TEM techniques. 2.0 wt.% of the calcined powders were added into the used frit and hot stage microscopy, HSM, tests were carried out on frit and modified glazes to understand the role of calcination temperature on melting behavior. The differences found in HSM data were evaluated by Vogel–Fulcher–Tamman equation for the estimation of viscosity. The results showed that viscosity increases with addition of pigment. It was found that the surface tension of frit and the glaze prepared with addition of pigment calcined at 1000 ◦C were not high enough to form spherical shape but, the calcined powder at 800 ◦C causes the highest surface tension.

2011 - Colouring of opaque ceramic glaze with zircon pigments: Formulation with simplified Kubelka–Munk model [Articolo su rivista]
Schabbach, Luciana; Bondioli, Federica; M. C., Fredel
abstract

In this study a simplified Kubelka–Munk model is proposed for colour matching purposes. Opaque glazes were prepared to determine theabsorption optical constants from the reflectance curves measured with a spectrophotometer. After the physical and chemical characterization ofthe glaze components (frit and pigments), to analyze the spectrophotometric results a simplification of the Kubelka–Munk model was suggested.To experimentally verify the model, two target green colour were reproduced in laboratory by adding in an opaque glaze a yellow praseodymiumdopedzircon ((Zr,Pr)SiO4) and blue vanadium-doped zircon ((Zr,V)SiO4) pigments. The results were in good agreement with the experimentalreflectance curves and the prediction of colour green glazes was possible with a reduced number of experiments.

2011 - Effect of synthesis condition of cobalt-aluminate nano-sized powder on melting behaviour of transparent glaze [Articolo su rivista]
Salem, S. h.; S. H., Jazayeri; Bondioli, Federica; A., Allahverdi; M., Shirvani
abstract

Effect of synthesis condition of cobalt-aluminate nano-sized powder on melting behaviour of transparent glaze

2011 - Epoxy resin modified with in situ generated metal oxides by means of sol–gel process [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Darecchio, MARIA ELENA; Adrian S., Luyt; Messori, Massimo
abstract

Organic–inorganic hybrids were prepared with silica, zirconia, or titania in situ generated within epoxy resins based on bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and Jeffamine® by means of the aqueous sol–gel process. The morphology of the prepared hybrids varied from a particulate dispersed phase to a co-continuous morphology. Silica and zirconia filled epoxies were characterized by a significant increase in thermal stability, attributable to the high thermal stability of silica and zirconia phases. On the contrary, the introduction of titania induced a strong decrease in thermal stability of the epoxy/titania hybrids compared with the pure epoxy resin, attributable to metal-catalyzed oxidative decomposition mechanism in the polymer/titania composite. Hybrids were much more transparent than unfilled epoxy. The transmittance of silica- and titania-based hybrids showed a slight decrease by increasing the content of filler, while the transparency of zirconia-based hybrids was very high and almost constant independently by the nominal content of filler. The presence of in situ generated fillers significantly enhanced the scratch resistance of the epoxy resin as indicated by the marked increase of critical load for all the hybrids.

2011 - Evaluation of two different methods to synthesize cobalt-aluminate spinel [Articolo su rivista]
S., Salem; S. H., Jazayeri; Bondioli, Federica; A., Allahverdi; M., Shirvani
abstract

The aim of this research is to study the efficiency of both microwave-hydrothermal and combustion methods to synthesizeCoAl2O4 spinel. To attain the objectives, precursor solutions of CoCl2·2H2O and AlCl3·6H2O were applied to prepare cobaltaluminate spinel by a microwave-hydrothermal method and the effects of pH (4, 8 and 12), residence time (1 and 2 h), andtemperature of the digestion system (190 and 220 oC) on the properties of final powders were studied. Moreover, mixedsolutions of Al(NO3)3·9H2O, Co(NO3)2·6H2O and glycine were used as a precursor in the combustion synthesis method and theeffect of different molar ratios of fuel to nitrate (0.36, 0.56) and calcination temperatures (800, 1000 oC) were evaluated. Thepowders obtained were characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, FT-IR and UV-Vis. The results show that CoAl2O4 spinel isnot formed by the microwave-hydrothermal method under the variable conditions studied, while the combustion synthesismethod is capable of producing nano-particles of CoAl2O4 spinel and according to the results of TEM and Scherrer’s equationmost of the particles have sizes less than 100 nm.

2011 - Experimental characterisation of Romanesque masonries: the reuse of fragments of roman tiles and bricks and the influence of the local costructive tradition [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Quagliarini, E.; Lenci, S.; Piattoni, Q.; Bondioli, Federica; Bernabei, I.; Lepore, G.; Zaccaria, M.
abstract

This research concerned the study of the first constructive phase of the Romanesque masonries of the S. Maria in Portuno’s church (Fig. 1) at Corinaldo (AN, Italy), by a multidisciplinary approach, with two main objectives: the first one has been that to guide the future restoration of the masonries and the second one has been the understanding of the influence of a peculiar constructive technique, based on the re-use of Roman fragments of tiles and bricks, on the mechanical behaviour of the masonries. To reach these main aims experimental investigations have been carried out by the analysis of the constructive technique, the chemical-physical analysis of mortars and fragments of Roman tiles and bricks of the Romanesque walls and by the mechanical characterization of re-produced walls made by the same materials and constructive technique of the studied masonries.

2011 - Glass-ceramic materials of system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 from rice husk ash [Articolo su rivista]
M. I., Martìn; Rincòn, J. M. a.; Andreola, Nora Maria; Barbieri, Luisa; Bondioli, Federica; Lancellotti, Isabella; M., Romero
abstract

This wok shows the results of a valorisation study to use rice husk ash as raw material to develop glass-ceramic materials.An original glass has been formulated in the base system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 with addition of B2O3 and Na2O to facilitate the melting and poring processes. Glass characterization was carried out by determining its chemical composition. Sintering behaviour has been examined by Hot Stage Microscopy (HSM). Thermal stability and crystallization mechanism have been studied by Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). Mineralogy analyses of the glass-ceramic materials were carried out using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Results show that it is possible to use ash rice husk to produce glass-ceramic materials by a sintercrystallizationprocess, with nepheline (Na2O·Al2O3·SiO2) as major crystalline phase in the temperature interval 700-950ºC and forsterite (2MgO·SiO2) at temperatures above 950ºC.

2011 - Granite as flux in stoneware tile manufacturing [Articolo su rivista]
H. F., El Maghraby; Mohamed M., El Olma; Bondioli, Federica; S. M., Naga
abstract

Natural granite was used to completely replace both feldspathic and inert components of a traditional ceramic body. Raw material from Sinai(Egypt) was added (in the range 20–35 wt%) to a commercial Egyptian ball clays (from Aswan, Egypt) in order to obtain laboratory tiles sinteredat 1220 ◦C.Densification was studied according to ISO rules, while sinterability was estimated by optical dilatometry. Chemical, physical and microstructuralanalyses were accomplished to find the relationship between both the phase composition and microstructure of the fired bodies properties. The firedsamples show moderate thermal expansion as well as reasonable bending strength. Therefore, as a nonconventional raw material in the modernceramic production, the studied batches are recommended for the production of industrial fast firing tiles showing properties similar to commercialceramic floor and/or wall tiles.

2011 - La caratterizzazione chimico-fisica dei materiali in opera [Capitolo/Saggio]
Bondioli, Federica; I., Bernabei; Darecchio, MARIA ELENA
abstract

uesto volume affronta il tema dell’ingegneria applicata all’archeologia medievale riportando i risultati di una ricerca sulle murature romaniche. La ricerca, che ha interessato la chiesa di Santa Maria in Portuno di Corinaldo (AN), ha visto coinvolti il Dipartimento di Architettura, Costruzioni e Strutture dell’Università Politecnica delle Marche, il Dipartimento di Archeologia Classica di Bologna e il Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e dell’Ambiente di Modena. L’obiettivo è stato quello di definire e attuare un’innovativa metodologia interdisciplinare, sviluppata attraverso l’analisi della tessitura muraria, le analisi fisico-chimiche dei materiali, le prove di caratterizzazione meccanica e l’uso di codici di calcolo, che ha permesso di rispondere a quesiti archeologici e di incrementare le attuali conoscenze sulle murature romaniche, focalizzando l’attenzione sui peculiari apporti costruttivi locali.

2011 - Natural and synthetic raw materials in traditional ceramic manufacturing [Poster]
Bondioli, Federica; M., Hanuskova; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

Results on application of natural and synthetic raw materials in traditional ceramic manufacturing, are presented.

2011 - Particle size analysis by laser light scattering to control ceramic process [Poster]
Bondioli, Federica; M., Hanuskova; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

The main results of a research on application of particle size analysis by laser light scattering to control ceramic process are shown

2011 - Poly(methyl methacrylate)-TiO2 nanocomposite obtained by non-hydrolytic sol–gel synthesis [Articolo su rivista]
Morselli, Davide; Messori, Massimo; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposites were prepared by means of in situ generation of TiO2 through a non-hydrolytic sol–gel process (NHSG), starting from titanium chloride, as titania precursor, benzyl alcohol, as oxygen donor, and commer- cial PMMA. TiO2 nanoparticles (average size of 30 nm) were obtained in the anatase and amorphous forms. The in situ generation led to a very homogeneous distribution of particulate fillers within the polymeric matrix avoiding the problems related to distributive and dispersive mixing of conventional compounding methods (top down approach). A slight increase of glass transition temperature was observed for all prepared composites with respect to the pristine PMMA. The NHSG process did not affect the molecular weight of the polymers indicating the absence of any degradation reaction for PMMA. The presence of titania in the anatase phase increases the photodegradation of the PMMA matrix due to UV irradiation.

2011 - Self-cleaning materials for architectural heritage: application and characterization of TiO2-based coatings on stone surfaces [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Munafò, P.; Bondioli, Federica; Quagliarini, E.; Goffredo, G. B.; Licciulli, A.; Diso, D.; Franza, S.
abstract

2011 - TiO2-SiO2 hard coating on polycarbonate substrate by microwave assisted sol-gel technique [Articolo su rivista]
Dinelli, Martina; Fabbri, Elena; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

To enhance the poor scratch resistance ofpolycarbonate, a silica (SiO2) and titania (TiO2) transparentinorganic coatings was designed and synthesized using amicrowave assisted sol–gel heating. Due to the transparencyof PC to microwave, the idea was to obtain a localizedheating only on the coating film. The obtained films werefully characterized to mainly evaluate the effect of titaniacontent, added both as nanoparticles and from tetraethylorthotitanate, TEOT, on scratch resistance and surfacemorphology. Particular attention was paid to preserve thetransparency of the final product. The results allowed todefine that TEOT addition enhances the adhesion betweencoating and polycarbonate, even if the optimized quantityhave to be defined in order to avoid a decrease of coatingmechanical resistance. In this work optimized TEOT levelresults to be the associated to 5 wt% of TiO2, which enablethe better balancing between adhesion and mechanicalresistance performances.

2011 - Wollastonite as sintering-aid in tiles manufacturing [Poster]
Bondioli, Federica; M., Hanuskova; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

The paper focuses on industrial application of wollastonite as sintering-aid in tiles manufacturing

2010 - APPROCCIO MULTIDISCIPLINARE ALLO STUDIO DELLA CHIESA DI SANTA MARIA IN PORTUNO (An) [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bondioli, Federica; Darecchio, MARIA ELENA; I., Bernabei; S., Lenci; E., Quagliarini; Q., Piattoni; G., Lepore; E., Giorgi; M., Zaccaria
abstract

All’interno del patrimonio culturale, le Chiese storiche in muratura rappresentano una componente rilevante, da tutelare, conservare e valorizzare anche attraverso una loro opportuna fase conoscitiva. In questo ambito di ricerca si inserisce lo studio della Chiesa di S. Maria in Portuno, ora denominata Madonna del Piano, sita nel territorio del Comune di Corinaldo (An). L’approccio multidisciplinare, che unisce lo studio archeologico, la caratterizzazione chimico-fisica dei materiali in opera, la caratterizzazione meccanica delle antiche murature e la valutazione della vulnerabilità sismica, è volto alla comprensione tecnologica-costruttiva delle murature antiche e della successione delle fasi che hanno portato alla conformazione attuale della Chiesa, tentando di cogliere le principali differenze ed analogie con le Chiese medioevali presenti nella valle del Cesano descritte in letteratura. Inoltre, sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, sono state avviate ricerche in merito alle tecnologie costruttive riguardanti la prima fase dell’impianto romanico che ha previsto la realizzazione di murature riprodotte con caratteristiche simili alle originali, per tecnologia e tecnica costruttiva, sulle quali sono state valutate le prestazioni meccaniche.

2010 - Applicazioni di film sol-gel per la funzionalizzazione di superfici ceramiche [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bondioli, Federica; M., Dinelli; A., Montenero; I., Alfieri; A., Lorenzi
abstract

Obiettivo di questa ricerca è la funzionalizzazione superficiale di materiali ceramici industriali, principalmente di uso edilizio, realizzati da industrie italiane (Made in Italy). In particolare si è valutata l'applicabilità attraverso tecnologia sol-gel di sospensioni di nano titania opportunamente sintetizzate. I primi risultati ottenuti risultano molto incoraggianti poiché i trattamenti eseguiti sia su campioni selezionati non alterano l’estetica del materiale, e portano a superfici autopulenti caratterizzate da comportamento idrofilo.

2010 - Bactericidal effects of reactive thermal plasma synthesized titanium dioxide photocatalysts [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
M., Vijay; V., Selvarajan; P. V., Ananthapadmanabhan; K. P., Sreekumar; V., Stengl; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

Nanocrystalline titanium oxide powder has been synthesized by reactive plasmaprocessing. The precursor powder of TiH2 was oxidized ‘in-flight’ in a thermal plasma reactorto effect complete conversion of TiH2 to nano-sized TiO2 powder. Characterization of thepowder by various analytical tools indicated that the powder consisted of nano-sized titaniumdioxide particles consisting predominantly of the anatase phase. Bactericidal action ofilluminated TiO2 on pure culture of Escherichia coli was studied. The plasma synthesized TiO2nano powder catalyst was found to be highly effective for the killing of Escherichia coli. Theefficiency of photocatalytic disinfection, used to inactivate Escherischia coli as function oftime is discussed.

2010 - Functionalisation of ceramic tile surface by soluble salts addition: part I [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano; M., Giorgi; G., Vignali
abstract

The aim of this investigation was the surface functionalization of industrial ceramic tiles by soluble salts addition to improve mechanical properties (resistance to scratch and wear) preserving the aesthetical aspect of the final product. This objective was pursued through the application of different solution of zirconium capable to be transformed in zirconia nanoparticles during the material sintering. The solutions, in different concentrations, were deposited (300 g/m2) on unglazed green tiles by air-brushing. The obtained products were polished and characterized in terms of microstructure, surface micromechanical and technological properties based on the UNI EN ISO reference rules. The final aesthetical aspect of the products and the obtained hue variation were evaluated by means of UV-Visible spectroscopy and colorimetric analysis.

2010 - Functionalisation of ceramic tile surface by soluble salts addition: part II. Titanium and Silver addition [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Dinelli, Martina; Giovanardi, Roberto; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

The aim of this study was to assess surface functionalization of industrial ceramic tiles through the addition of soluble salts to improve mechanicalproperties (scratch and wear resistance) and conductivity, while preserving the aesthetic aspects of the finished product. This objective was pursuedthrough the application of different solutions of titanium and silver with a potential for transformation into titania and silver nanoparticles during thesintering of the material. The solutions, in different concentrations, were applied (300 g/m2) to unglazed green tiles by air brushing. The resultingproducts were polished and characterized in terms of microstructural, surface micromechanical, and technological properties based on the UNIEN ISO reference standards. The electrical conductivity deriving from the presence of titania and silver was also established with specific tests.The results were found to correlate with the results obtained from the addition of zirconium solutions as reported in part I of the paper.

2010 - Improving Epoxy Adhesives with Zirconia Nanoparticles [Articolo su rivista]
A., Dorigato; A., Pegoretti; Bondioli, Federica; Messori, Massimo
abstract

Zirconia nanoparticles were synthesized by a sol–gel route and dispersed into an epoxy base for struc- tural adhesives. Nanoparticles were used as-synthesized or after calcination. Moreover, the effect of silane functionalization was also investigated. According to preliminary tensile mechanical tests on bulk nanocom- posite samples, calcined and untreated zirconia nanoparticles were selected for the preparation of adhesives with various filler contents.The glass transition temperature increased up to a filler content of 1 vol% and then decreased, probably due to the concurrent and contrasting effects of chain blocking and reduction of the crosslinking degree. Also tensile modulus, stress at break and fracture toughness of bulk adhesives samples were positively affected by the presence of an optimal amount of zirconia nanoparticles.Mechanical tests on single lap aluminium bonded joints indicated that zirconia nanoparticles led to rele- vant enhancements of the shear strength of the joints. In particular, the shear strength increased by about 60% for an optimal filler content of 1 vol%, and an adhesive failure mechanism was evidenced for all the tested specimens. Concurrently, a significant decrease of the equilibrium contact angle with water was observed for adhesives containing zirconia nanoparticles. It can therefore be concluded that the addition of zirconia nanoparticles can effectively improve epoxy adhesives, both by increasing their mechanical properties and by enhancing the interfacial wettability with an aluminium substrate.

2010 - Indagini archeometriche sulle malte [Capitolo/Saggio]
Bondioli, Federica; I., Bernabei; Darecchio, MARIA ELENA
abstract

Il recente Convegno, dedicato ai venti anni di ricerche archeologiche con campi scuola didattici dellAteneo bolognese a Suasa (1988-2008), ha rappresentato un momento importante di confronto e di sintesi per larcheologia della valle del Cesano. Questo volume, che esce significativamente in concomitanza con il decennale degli scavi di Santa Maria in Portuno (2001-2010), ne raccoglie gli Atti e costituisce la prima esposizione preliminare dei risultati delle ultime campagne di scavo (1996- 2009). I temi che emergono riguardano soprattutto letà romana e il primo medioevo, come la questione della genesi di Suasa e del suo declino che portò a differenti forme di popolamento del territorio, di cui Santa Maria in Portuno fu uno dei nuovi poli, e costituiscono un confronto notevole per la storia dellintera regione.

2010 - Influenza della rugosità sui fenomeni di superidrofilia ed attività fotocatalitica di rivestimentia base anatasio [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; G., Maini
abstract

La rugosità è una proprietà intrinseca degli oggetti che risulta essere quasi del tutto inevitabile in virtù della lavorazione cui un pezzo viene sottoposto perché abbia la forma e le dimensioni volute. La rugosità va ad incidere su diverse caratteristiche del componente considerato quali ad esempio durata, resistenza a fatica, resistenza alla corrosione, lubrificazione, brillantezza e, tra le altre, bagnabilità e capacità fotocatalitica.Nel presente articolo, dopo un'iniziale descrizione del fenomeno della bagnabilità di una superficie da parte di un liquido in termini generali, vengono riportate le informazioni relative alle caratteristiche conferite a superfici da rivestimenti a base di anatasio sia in termini di comportamento superidrofilo che di attività fotocatalitica.

2010 - Nanomateriali e nanotecnologie per la decorazione ceramica [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica
abstract

Con la nanotecnologia è nato un nuovo settore di sviluppo che suscita già un grande interesse economico e, a detta degli esperti, finirà con l'influenzare quasi tutti i settori della quotidianità.

2010 - Porous scaffolds of polycaprolactone reinforced with in situ generated hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering [Articolo su rivista]
Fabbri, Paola; Bondioli, Federica; Messori, Massimo; C., Bartoli; D., Dinucci; F., Chiellini
abstract

Polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) composites were prepared by in situ generation of HA in the polymer solution starting from the precursors calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate via sol–gel process. Highly interconnected porosity was achieved by means of the salt-leaching technique using a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate as porogens. Structure and morphology of the PCL/HA composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical properties were determined by means of tensile and compression tests. The possibility to employ the developed composites as scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration was assessed by cytotoxicity test of the PCL/HA composites extracts and cell adhesion and pro- liferation in vitro studies.

2009 - Continuous flow microwave method for magnetite nanoparticles production [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Rizzuti, A.; Bondioli, F.; Corradi, A.; Leonelli, C.; Ondruschka, B.; Scholz, P.; Buchholz, A.; Plass, W.
abstract

Preparation of synthetic magnetite (Fe3O4) is particularly by precipitation methods due to the necessary preservation of both oxidation states of iron. The procedure here presented starts from dropping a NaOH/hydrate hydrazine solution into a Teflon® reaction vessel containing a solution of FeCl2·4H2O in distilled water under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was inserted in a continuous microwave synthesis reactor at 100°C and 10 bar with a flow rate of ca. 45 mL/min. The XRD mineralogical and TEM morphological analyses were performed to identify the magnetite phase and the nanoparticle size distribution. Sample magnetic properties are measured with a SQUID-magnetometer. The results were compared with those obtained in microwave irradiated batch reactors. The synthetic magnetite probes were tested as catalysts in microwave-assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene to styrene.

2009 - Improving the creep stability of high-density polyethylene with acicular titania nanoparticles [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; A., Dorigato; Fabbri, Paola; Messori, Massimo; A., Pegoretti
abstract

Acicular titania nanoparticles with average dimensions of 15 X 60 nm2 were produced by hydrothermal crystallization of TiOCl2. Titania particles were surface- functionalized with octadecylsilane to obtain an organophilic surface. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding with 2, 3, and 5 vol % concentrations of untreated and surface-functionalized titania nanoparticles. Quasi-static mechanical tensile tests evidenced slight increments of both the elastic modulus and stress at yield, which were accompanied by a marked reduction of the strain at break at high ﬁller contents. The introduction of titania nanoparticles induced a substantial reduction of the creep compliance of the HDPE matrix and of its creep rate, especially at long loading times. Untreated titania nanoparticles were more effective in reducing the creep compliance than the functionalized ones.

2009 - Inorganic pigments to colour ceramic materials: state of art and future trends [Capitolo/Saggio]
Bondioli, Federica
abstract

In this chapter the state of the art has been reported focusing in particular on the specific systems used in the industrial filed. The advantages and the limitations of different colours have been underlined with particular emphasis on the current problems and on the possible way to solve them.

2009 - La calce in architettura e nel restauro: un forum, un libro, un progetto di ricerca scientifica [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Miselli, Paola; A., Rattazzi
abstract

Il Forum Italiano Calce (www.forumcalce.it) è una Associazione che nasce come luogo di incontro per tutti coloro che studiano, producono e utilizzano la calce in architettura e nel restauro. Il Forum promuove lo sviluppo di esperienze e di conoscenza dell’impiego della calce nel costruito e nel restauro di manufatti di interesse storico, artistico e monumentale attraverso: lo scambio, il confronto e la diffusione di notizie e informazioni sul mondo della calce; l’organizzazione di Congressi, Seminari, Incontri e Corsi; incoraggiando la ricerca scientifica e pratica sulla calce, le malte di calce, le pitture a calce, etc.; sostenendo lo sviluppo di tecniche appropriate a livello industriale e artigianale per la produzione di calce aerea e/o idraulica naturale; favorendo contatti tra gli iscritti che abbiano il desiderio di condividere esperienze e conoscenze sull’argomento. Una delle prime azioni è stata quella di siglare importanti accordi di ricerca scientifica con Università, CNR, Enea e altri centri. Tra gli altri, il Forum Italiano Calce ha recentemente siglato un protocollo di intesa per attività didattiche, di studio e di ricerca con il Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e dell’Ambiente dell’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia.Tra le prime azioni attivate a seguito di questa intesa, l’avvio di uno studio volto a determinare i parametri chimici, fisici e reologici di prova sul grassello di calce che possano fornire elementi di giudizio sufficienti a determinare la qualità del prodotto, che si sta per acquistare e/o impiegare. In particolare verranno definiti i metodi e parametri di prova ed eventuali norme metodologiche di riferimento che saranno successivamente sottoposti all’attenzione delle enti di normativa italiano e europeo, per un auspicabile aggiornamento delle norme che attualmente regolano la produzione e commercializzazione della calce aerea.

2009 - Pigmenti innovativi per terzo fuoco: il sistema ceria-praseodimia [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica
abstract

L'articolo prende in rassegna le soluzini solide per uso ceramico e in particolare il sistema ceria-praseodimia.

2009 - Sintesi assistita da microonde del pigmento CoAl2O4 [Articolo su rivista]
Veronesi, Paolo; Bondioli, Federica; Leonelli, Cristina
abstract

La sintesi del pigmento blu CoAl2O4 è stata condotta impiegando il riscaldamento a microonde alla frequenza di 2.45 GHz, utilizzando differenti applicatori (forni). I risultati della sperimentazione mostrano una grande variabilità della resa e del rendimento del processo assistito da microonde dipendentemente dal tipo di forno impiegato e dalla presenza di eventuali materiali ausiliari assorbitori di microonde. L’impiego di applicatori di microonde a modo singolo ha permesso di ottenere il pigmento in condizioni ottimali in tempi inferiori ai 2 minuti, con un consumo energetico specifico misurato di 15 kJ/g. La caratterizzazione mineralogica, colorimetrica e applicativa del pigmento entro impasto per gres porcellanato ha fornito risultati analoghi al pigmento di fabbricazione industriale o ottenuto per calcinazione in forno convenzionale. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano come l’opportuna scelta di applicatore di microonde e materiali di supporto sia fondamentale per massimizzare resa e rendimento del processo.

2009 - Valorizzazione di Scarti Agroalimentari nel Settore dei Laterizi [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Barbieri, Luisa; Andreola, Nora Maria; N., Bagnoli
abstract

Il presente studio è incentrato sulla valorizzazione degli scarti dell’industria agroalimentare, ed in particolare della filiera cerealicola, costituiti principalmente da scarti di raffinazione, di pulitura, bucce e semi, il cui utilizzo principale attualmente è come biomasse (biopower)

2008 - Compositi biodegradabili rinforzati con idrossiapatite sintetizzata in situ per applicazioni in ingegneria tissutale [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Fabbri, P; Bondioli, Federica; Messori, M; Ferrari, Am
abstract

In questo lavoro si affronta la preparazione di compositi biodegradabili bioattivi a base policaprolattone (PCL) rinforzati con idrossiapatite (HA) sintetizzata in-situ tramite metodo sol-gel, potenzialmente sfruttabili come scaffold nella ricostruzione del tessuto osseo. Il metodo di sintesi proposto intende eliminare gli svantaggi connessi all’utilizzo dei componenti singoli del composito, permettendo di ottenere in un unico stadio di preparazione una fase inorganica rinforzante e porosa, costituita da HA pura, omogeneamente dispersa in una matrice polimerica. Lo scopo ultimo è quello di ottenere un biomateriale polimerico che, degradando in ambiente biologico, lasci scoperta la struttura di HA su cui possano attecchire le cellule per la ricostruzione del tessuto osseo. Inoltre, la matrice polimerica degradata lascia all’interno dello scaffold dei pori, i quali hanno dimensione adeguata al passaggio dei nutrienti e delle proteine, processi essenziali al processo biologico di ricostruzione del tessuto. Sono stati ottenuti compositi a diverso contenuto di HAP, ne è stata studiata la struttura cristallina e morfologica, ed è stata valutata la possibilità di stampare a compressione dei manufatti senza alterarne la struttura della fase inorganica.

2008 - Effect of synthesis parameter on hematite-silica red pigment obtained using a coprecipitation route [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano; HOSSEINI ZORI, M; TAHERI NASSAJ, E.
abstract

2008 - High-density polyethylene reinforced with titania nanoparticles [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Dorigato, A; Fabbri, Paola; Messori, Massimo; Pegoretti, A.
abstract

Titania nanoparticles were prepared by means of two different synthetic procedures in order to obtain different particle size (diameter ranging from 20 nm to 350 nm), shapes and morphologies (amorphous or crystalline). Titania nanoparticles were surface modified with octadecylsilane in order to improve their compatibility with respect to polymeric matrices. High density polyethylene (HDPE) - titania nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending by using an internal mixer. The obtained nanocomposites were mechanically characterized and quasi static and creep tensile conditions. The presence of titania nanoparticles (1%vol) led to a significant increase of elastic modulus (20-25%) together with a slight increase of yield stress and a decrease of ultimate elongation. An interesting reduction of for both elastic and viscoelastic creep compliance components was also evidenced.

2008 - I pigmenti ceramici [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica
abstract

In questo articolo l'autore riporta le principali caratteristiche dei pigmenti per uso ceramico.

2008 - Le nanopolveri nella funzionalizzazione delle superfici ceramiche [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

In questo articolo, dopo una brave introduzione sul significato di nano, nanotecnologia e nanopolvere, si valutano le possibili applicazioni nella funzionalizzazione della superficie dei materiali ceramici tradizionali.

2008 - Neural network approach for color matching of ceramic glazes [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Romagnoli, Marcello; Bondioli, Federica; M., Barattini
abstract

Aesthetical quality of ceramic tiles is a winning and indispensable requirement in production. Pigment oxides play an important role and more and more sophisticated applications are required in industrial applications. In the present work a neural network model was tested to define the final apparence due to the mixture of ceramic pigment used for wall tiles. Samples were prepared using thirty industrial pigments and one frit for wall tiles. Mixing the pigments, seventy nine samples were prepared in a fast ball mill and applied on tiles. After firing in a industrial cycle, the L*,a* and b* coordinates in CIElab spaces of the surfaces were measured using a spectrophotometer and put in relationship with the pigment compositions to define a model able to calculate the colour when the pigment composition is known. The results show a good efficiency of the color matching algorithm.

2008 - Neural network approach for colour matching of ceramic glazes [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Romagnoli, M.; Bondioli, F.; Barattini, M.
abstract

Aesthetical quality of ceramic tiles is a winning and indispensable requirement in production. Pigment oxides play an important role and more and more sophisticated applications are required in industrial applications. In the present work a neural network model was tested to define the final apparence due to the mixture of ceramic pigment used for wall tiles. Samples were prepared using 30 industrial pigments and one frit for wall tiles. Mixing the pigments, 79 samples were prepared in a fast ball mill and applied on tiles. After firing in a industrial cycle, the L*,a* and b* coordinates in CIElab spaces were measured using a spectrophotometer and put in relationship with the pigment compositions to define a model able to calculate the colour when the pigment composition is known. The results show a good efficiency of the color matching algorithm.

2008 - The clay beds in the Velabrum and the earliest tiles in Rome [Articolo su rivista]
A., Ammerman; I., Iliopoulos; Bondioli, Federica; D., Filippi; J., Hilditch; Manfredini, Tiziano; L., Pennisi; N. A., Winter
abstract

In this paper the clay beds in the Velabrum in Roma were studied both from a storical and chemical point of view to study the technology of earliest roman tile

2007 - The effect of sintering conditions on linear shrinkage in porcelainized stoneware tiles as studied in a two-level full factorial experimental design [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Ferrari, Anna Maria; Romagnoli, Marcello
abstract

Linear firing shrinkage, together with water absorption, apparent density and the modulus of rupture, is commonly used as a process control parameter in industrial ceramics. In this paper its optimization is studied with a two-level full factorial experimental design approach. In particular, the influence of forming pressure, sintering temperature and time have been inves-tigated. It has been verified that a Design of Experiment (DOE) approach is a suitable tool to identify the significantfactors that control the densification process of porcelainized stoneware tiles. Moreover a mathematical model has been proposed and tested with good results. The results evidenced that the variable with the higher influence is the sintering temperature followed by forming pressure while time has influence only in sinergy with temperature.

2006 - AMORPHOUS GERMANIUM (II) SULPHIDE PARTICLES OBTAINED BY MICROWAVE ASSISTED DECOMPOSITION OF GERMANIUM (IV) DISULFIDE [Articolo su rivista]
E., Bonometti; M., Castiglioni; P., MICHELIN LAUSAROT; Leonelli, Cristina; Bondioli, Federica; Pellacani, Gian Carlo; A. A., Barba
abstract

Microwave assisted decomposition of germanium(IV) sulphide has been used to obtain, by sublimation in He current, amorphous particles of germanium(II) sulphide in the 0.1-3.0 microns range. The adopted technique is reported in details as well as the full physical-chemical characterisation of the product (XRD, TEM, Raman, MS and dielectric properties).

2006 - Amorphous germanium(li) sulfide particles obtained by microwave assisted decomposition of germanium (IV) sulfide [Articolo su rivista]
Bonometti, E.; Castiglioni, M.; Lausarot, P. M.; Leonelli, C.; Bondioli, F.; Pellacani, G. C.; Barba, A. A.
abstract

The preparation of small, amorphous, and metastable Germanium sulfide GeS particles by using microwave assisted sublimation is discussed. The vitreous GeS2 is formed with the help of rapid quenching of liquid GeS 2. An equilibrium has also been used to calculate the standard molar enthalpy of the formation for GeS2 and for the chemical transport of Ge. The germanium sulfide was prepared using wet chemistry and characterized by its Raman spectrum for checking purity. The particle sizes observed in the experiment are smaller where the sublimation of GeS is carried in Air flow. The increase of the flow rate of the carrier gas leads to a more rapid removal of the particles from the hot subliming system preventing particles agglomeration. The transmission electron microscopy observations indicate the formation of spherical particles that have diameter in the 10-20 nm range.

2006 - Color matching algorithms in ceramic tile production [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano; Romagnoli, Marcello
abstract

In the present work, the possibility of transferring in the ceramic tiles production the know-how developed in the field of the paints by using the Kubelka-Munk theory, in the form used for opaque surface coatings, have been evaluated. Five different target colors have been chosen as target and tried to reproduce with an industrial glaze in a cycle for fine porcelain stoneware tiles. Four industrial pigments have been chosen as basic stains for the formulations. The results show a good efficiency of the color matching algorithm applied to pigments for glazes for fine porcelain stoneware tiles. All the formulations, in fact, have allowed to obtain a value of Delta E* lower to the accepted limit.

2006 - From the green color of eskolaite to the red color of ruby: an X-ray absorption spectroscopy study [Articolo su rivista]
Gaudry, E; Sainctavit, P; Juillot, F; Bondioli, Federica; Ohresser, P; Letard, I.
abstract

The best known cause for colors in insulating minerals is due to transition metal ions as impurities. As an example, Cr3+ is responsible for the red color of ruby (alpha-Al2O3: Cr3+) and the green color of eskolaite (alpha-Cr2O3). Using X-ray absorption measurements, we connect the colors of the CrxAl2-xO3 series with the structural and electronic local environment around Cr. UV - VIS electronic parameters, such as the crystal field and the Racah parameter B, are related to those deduced from the analysis of the isotropic and XMCD spectra at the Cr L-2,L-3-edges in Cr0.07Al1.93O3 and eskolaite. The Cr - O bond lengths are extracted by EXAFS at the Cr K-edge in the whole CrxAl2-xO3 (0.07 <= x< 2) solid solution series. The variation of the mean Cr - O distance between Cr0.07Al1.93O3 and alpha-Cr2O3 is evaluated to be 0.01(5) angstrom (approximate to 1%). The variation of the crystal field in the CrxAl2-xO3 series is discussed in relation with the variation of the averaged Cr - O distances.

2006 - Il biossido di titanio fotocatalitico nella funzionalizzazione superficiale di materiali innovativi [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; T., Bacci; S., DELLA SCHIAVA; E., Galvanetto
abstract

In questo articolo, dopo una breve descrizione delle proprietà fotocatalitiche della titania, vengono identificati i maggiori campi di applicazione per la funzionalizzazione delle superfici

2006 - Microwave and conventional hydrothermal synthesis of zirconia doped powders [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bondioli, F.; Leonelli, C.; Siligardi, C.; Pellacani, G. C.; Komarneni, S.
abstract

Hydrothermal synthesis of powders is a very attractive process to directly prepare submicrometer- and nanometer-sized crystalline powders because of reduced contamination and low synthesis temperature. The application of microwave radiation during the process enhances the reaction kinetics by 1-2 orders of magnitude. Nanosized Pr-doped zirconium oxide powders were prepared by adding NaOH to a zirconyl chloride aqueous solution under microwave- hydrothermal conditions. The properties of the powders produced are compared with those of powders obtained by conventional hydrothermal synthesis. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006.

2006 - Modeling of ceramic particles filled polymer-matrix nanocomposites [Articolo su rivista]
Cannillo, Valeria; Bondioli, Federica; Lusvarghi, Luca; Montorsi, Monia; M., Avella; M. E., Errico; M., Malinconico
abstract

In this work, the mechanical properties of polymer matrix-ceramic fillers nanocomposites were investigated. A PCL (poly-caprolactone) matrix was reinforced with increasing amount of nano-sized silica particles in the range 1-2.5% by weight, and the resulting properties were determined as a function of reinforcement characteristics and volume fraction. In order to gain a deeper insight into the mechanical behaviour of such nanocomposites, a numerical model able to reproduce the peculiar composite features was set up. The study focussed on the effect of particles size and amount on the achieved increment in the overall stiffness. The computational approach revealed that a third phase, namely the interphase, has to be taken into account in the model in order to accurately reproduce the experimental results.

2006 - Preparation and characterization of epoxy resins filled with submicron spherical zirconia particles [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Cannillo, Valeria; Fabbri, Elena; Messori, Massimo
abstract

Submicron spherical zirconia particles were synthesized and used as a reinforcement for epoxy resins. In fact, recent developments indicate that a significant improvement in the thermoset polymer performance may be obtained by using submicron inorganic filler. In this paper, different composites with weight fraction of the filler in the range 1-5% were prepared and characterized in terms of mechanical properties. A numerical model suitable for the description of such materials was set up and employed to estimate the properties as functions of the reinforcement content.

2006 - Sintesi del pigmento giallo (Pr,Zr)SiO4: ruolo dei mineralizzatori e determinazione del meccanismo di reazione [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano; Ferrari, Anna Maria; G., Baldi
abstract

in questo articolo viene valutato il ruolo dei mineralizzatori (NaF e NaCl) nell'ottenimento del pigmento ceramico giallo al praseodimio. In particolare i dati ottenuti mediante analisi Rietveld-RIR dei diffrattogrammi a raggi X, permettono di ottimizzare il processo di sintesi.

2006 - Synthesis and nanocomposite sintering of hydroxyapatite-coated zirconia nanopowders [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bondioli, Federica; Cannillo, Valeria; Lusvarghi, Luca; Manfredini, Tiziano; Ferrari, Anna Maria
abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAP), Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, is a well-known and a valuable implant material with biocompatibility and bioactive properties. Full utilisation of the unique properties of hydroxyapatite bulk ceramics is, however, enhanced by a proper reinforcement, i.e. by preparation of composites. The goal of this study was to synthesize a HAP-coated zirconia composite powder by the precipitation of HAP in presence of zirconia. The idea was to avoid uncontrolled agglomeration of the zirconia nanostructured reinforcement during the sintering step. ZrO2 nanopowders, previously synthesized by hydrothermal crystallisation, were added in an appropriate amount to an intensively stirred aqueous suspension of Ca(OH)2. HAP was precipitated by addition of H2PO4 at controlled pH in order to obtain a 50:50 composite powders. The obtained powders, fully characterized by TEM, XRD, TG-DTA and BET, were used for the preparation of the nanostructured composite speciments. The sintered materials were characterized in order to evaluate their structural and morphological properties.

2005 - Epoxy-silica nanocomposites: Preparation, experimental characterization and modeling [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Cannillo, Valeria; Fabbri, Elena; Messori, Massimo
abstract

Silica nanoparticles having different sizes were obtained by the sol-gel process and characterized. The prepared nanoparticles were subsequently used as reinforcing fillers to prepare epoxy-based composites with a silica content ranging from I to 5 wt %. SEM analysis and tensile tests carried out on the silica-epoxy nanocomposites indicated the absence of particle aggregation and a reinforcing effect in terms of increased elastic modulus. Mechanical properties were also modeled by using a finite element code able to construct a numerical model from a microstructural image of the material. A more reliable model was prepared by considering the presence of an interphase layer surrounding the particles with intermediate elastic properties between the epoxy and the inclusions and a characteristic size proportional to the particle radius.

2005 - I pigmenti: materia prima di ogni arte estetica [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica
abstract

Nell'artciolo si riportano le principali caratteristiche dei pigmenti per uso ceramico

2005 - Il Color Matching: Fondamenti Teorici della Formulazione Computerizzata del Colore [Articolo su rivista]
L., Maccarini Schabbach; Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano; Romagnoli, Marcello; Ferrari, Anna Maria
abstract

L'articolo riporta alcuni studi sperimentali sulla possibilità di gestire il colore in ceramica

2005 - Nanoscopic characterization of Pr2Zr2O7 at Zr sites [Articolo su rivista]
Ja, Martinez; Mc, Caracoche; Pc, Rivas; Am, Rodriguez; Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano; Ferrari, Anna Maria
abstract

By using Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy, a suitable technique to explore internal fields at nanoscopic scale, the electric field gradients at Zr4+ sites in the Pr2Zr2O7 compound have been determined as a function of temperature. Three nonequivalent nanoconfigurations are present, which have been interpreted with the aid of point charge model calculations. Two of them correspond to pyrochlore - oxygen defective and perfect structures -, and the third one to the pyrochlore-related defect fluorite structure. The most abundant interaction is a disordered and fluctuating electric field gradient, which describes the oxygen defective pyrochlore. As temperature increases, its gradual and reversible transformation towards the perfect form is observed. Below 750 degrees C the oxygen vacancies movement, which exhibits an activation energy of 0.14 eV, is assumed to be due to vacancies jumping among 48f equivalent sites. At higher temperatures the movement is interpreted as the fast diffusion of oxygen vacancies involving 48f and 8b sites, thus giving place to anionic disorder. The activation energy for this movement has been determined to be of 0.85 eV.

2005 - Pigments: raw material of every aestethic art [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica
abstract

In this paper the author report the main characteristic of ceramic pigment.

2005 - The anorthite-diopside system: Structural and devitrification study. Part II: Crystallinity analysis by the Rietveld-RIR method [Articolo su rivista]
Barbieri, Luisa; Bondioli, Federica; Lancellotti, Isabella; Leonelli, Cristina; Montorsi, Monia; Ferrari, Anna Maria; Miselli, Paola
abstract

Abstract:The crystallization behavior of 10 binary glasses belonging to the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 quaternary system and two glasses corresponding to anorthite and diopside composition was investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermal, and thermomechanical analyses, and scanning electron microscopy. Particular emphasis is laid on the quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis by the Rietveld–reference intensity ratio combined procedure, which seems to be a useful tool to obtain time–temperature–transformation diagrams. Results showed that to obtain glass–ceramics with a significant crystalline phase presence, it is necessary to treat samples at 1000°C for 4 h or at 1100°C for 1 h.

2004 - A new glass-ceramic red pigment [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano; Siligardi, Cristina; Ferrari, Anna Maria
abstract

Recently in the traditional ceramic industry there has been an increasing interest in the obtainment of inclusion pigments to stabilize at the firing temperature and towards the actions of molten glasses unstable cromophore such as hematite or cadmium sulphoselenide. This work focuses on a new synthesis of hematite-zircon inclusion pigment obtained from sintering of non-conventional mixture of precursors. To this purpose a glass composition belonging to the Li2O-ZrO2-SiO2 system that during the sintering/devetrification steps crystallizes zircon has been chosen. The employment of two different Fe precursors (oxide and goethite) have been also analyzed. Finally, a mechanism of pigment formation is proposed.

2004 - Hyperfine characterization of metastable tetragonal configurations in Pr-doped zirconias [Articolo su rivista]
M. C., Caracoche; J. A., Martinez; P. C., Rivas; A. M., Rodriguez; Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano; Ferrari, Anna Maria; S., Conconi
abstract

The PrxZr1-xO2 ceramic system obtained by coprecipitation has been investigated at zirconium sites as a function of Pr content (1, 10, and 15 mol %) and of annealing temperature by means of the perturbed angular correlations (PAC) technique. Praseodimium enters zirconia forming a tetragonal solid solution whose extent increases with Pr content. In 10 and 15 mol % Pr-doped samples, metastable tetragonal zirconia is present in its two known t- and t'-forms, the latter form being the one which involves a higher dopant concentration. While Rietveld refinement and thermal analyses indicate the uncompleted crystallization of the as-obtained powders, PAC allows the phase identification of the amorphous residues. Minor changes observed in the hyperfine interaction at high temperatures reveal the incipient ceramic degradation. Experiments indicate that, up to 15 mol % of dopant content, Pr behaves as an efficient zirconia stabilizer.

2004 - Powder flowability characterizing techniques [Articolo su rivista]
Romagnoli, M.; Bondioli, F.
abstract

The experimentally determined indexes for describing the flow of behavior of powder streams in industrial storage, transport, and processing operations are discussed. A better control of powder flow during manufacturing optimizes the quality of the product in terms of uniformity and efficiency. Flowability is important in several industrial processes in the ceramic industry, where flowability of a spray-dried or a granulated powder, in the step of mold filling, affects the green-body homogeneity velocity after compaction. Flowability is also important in dry-powder decoration, a technique that will become much more used in the future, where the reproducibility and the precision of the drawing are strictly dependent on powder flowability. .

2004 - Powder flowability charaterizing technique [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Romagnoli, Marcello
abstract

Experimentally determined indices for describing the flow behaviour of powder streams in industrial storage, transport and processing operations are reviewed and discussed in terms of their range of applicability and difficulty of measurement. It is emphasised that no flowability test is universally applicable.

2004 - Prediction of opaque ceramic enamel color using the Kubelka-Munk [Articolo su rivista]
L. M., Schabbach; M. C., Fredel; C. O., Petter; Manfredini, Tiziano; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

In this paper the possibility to predict the color of a ceramic glaze by the Kubelka-Munk theory has been evaluated

2004 - Preparation, characterisation and computational study of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) based nanocomposites [Articolo su rivista]
M., Avella; Bondioli, Federica; Cannillo, Valeria; Me, Errico; Ferrari, Anna Maria; B., Focher; M., Malinconico; Manfredini, Tiziano; Montorsi, Monia
abstract

In recent years, scientific and industrial interest has been focused on the preparation of organic/inorganic nanocomposites because of their unique hybrid properties correlated with the enormous interfacial adhesion region that is a characteristic of nanoparticles. The objective of the whole research was to improve poly-caprolactone (PCL) mechanical and barrier performances by using silica spherical nanoparticles for filling. In particular, in order to improve the polymeric matrix/inorganic nanofiller's interfacial adhesion and consequently to achieve a fine nanometric dispersion, silica nanoparticles have been chemically modified by grafting onto them a hydroxyl end-capped PCL, after wheich they have been melt blended with high molecular weight PCL. In the present paper, details on the synthesis, morphology and mechanical properties of the prepared nanocomposites are reported. Moreover, a numerical tool has been used to predict the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite, starting from the morphology of the material observed by scanning electron micrography, and the individual properties of the constituents.

2004 - Properties/Structure Relationships in Innovative PCL-SiO2 Nanocomposites [Articolo su rivista]
M., Avella; Bondioli, Federica; Cannillo, Valeria; S., Cosco; M. E., Errico; Ferrari, Anna Maria; B., Focher; M., Malinconico
abstract

Poly(caprolactone) (PCL) based nanocomposites filled with Silica (SiO2) nanoparticles were prepared and the relationships between their structure and properties were investigated. Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by Stober method. Surface of silica nanoparticles were successively functionalized in order to promote matrix/filler compatibilization and to improve interfacial adhesion. Morphological analysis performed on the fractured surface of samples revealed that the compatibilization process permitted to obtain an homogeneous and discrete distribution of the nanoparticles into polymeric matrix. Mechanical test showed that in the presence of a strong interphase, the elastic modulus increases of about 25% than the neat polymeric matrix value. Preliminary modelling analysis was also performed in order to assess the correlation existing between a computational model and experimental data.

2003 - I pigmenti inorganici: definizioni, caratteristiche e classificazioni [Capitolo/Saggio]
Bondioli, Federica
abstract

In questo capitolo sono valutate le principali caratteristiche dei pigmenti inorganici utilizzati per la colorazione dei materiali ceramici

2003 - In vitro bioactivity testing of ZrO2 nanopowders prepared by MW-assisted hydrothermal synthesis [Capitolo/Saggio]
Bondioli, Federica; Braccini, Silvia; Leonelli, Cristina; Pellacani, Gian Carlo; Lusvardi, Gigliola; Malavasi, Gianluca
abstract

Zirconia nanopowders obtaneid by hydrothermal synthesis were tested in vitro at 60°C for 30 days.Elemental analysis,XRD,SEM,TEM techniques were used for this study.Crystallinity and phase identification was performed before and after in vitro test

2002 - Deflocculant capability of sodium tripolyphosphates (TTT) [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Ferrari, Anna Maria; Miselli, Paola
abstract

In this paper the deflocculant capability of 3 different tripolyphosphate has been evaluated and interpreted by mineralogical and chemical composition.

2002 - Il metodo Rietveld nello studio della capacità deflocculante di tripolifosfati di sodio [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Ferrari, Anna Maria; Miselli, Paola
abstract

In questo articolo la capacità deflocculante di diversi tripolifosfati (TTT) è messa in corralazione con la loro analisi mineralogica e chimica

2002 - La fabbricazione e l'applicazione di ossidi nell'industria ceramica [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano; Romagnoli, Marcello
abstract

In questo articolo gli autori presentano i principali ossidi ceramici utilizzati nell'industria ceramica

2002 - Microwave and conventional hydrothermal synthesis of zirconia doped powders [Abstract in Atti di Convegno]
Bondioli, Federica; Leonelli, Cristina; Siligardi, Cristina; Pellacani, Gian Carlo; S., Komarneni
abstract

Hydrothermal synthesis of powders is a very attractive process to directly prepare submicrometer- and nanometer-sized crystalline powders because of reduced contamination and low synthesis temperature. The application of microwave radiation during the process enhances the reaction kinetics by 1-2 orders of magnitude. Nanosized Pr-doped zirconium oxide powders were prepared by adding NaOH to a zirconyl chloride aqueous solution under microwave-hydrothermal conditions. The properties of the powders produced are compared with those of powders obtained by conventional hydrothermal synthesis

2002 - Microwave technology applications in the synthesis of ceramic pigments [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Pellacani, Gian Carlo; Bondioli, Federica; Leonelli, Cristina; Siligardi, Cristina; Veronesi, Paolo; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

Long before chemists began altering this word, humans were interested in coloring their painting and their bodies as well as any objects they happened to make. Color is an economical way of creating new intereste in an existing product and is also the mosti immediately noticeable and least-expensive element in decoration. Thus, color is a primary tool in product development and marketing, especially in the ceramic tile industry, where product always becomes part of a general color scheme. This word resumes the experimental word done in the last few years by the CerMIC (Ceramic Investigation Center) at the University of Modena (Italy) regarding the application of the microwave technology to the synthesis of inorganic pigments. The choice has been done trying to reproduce in MW some of the most diffused and interesting crystalline structures capable of inducing coloration in ceramic tile body and coating, that is to say capable of thermal and chemical stability in the glazes or in the body at temperatures as high as 1250 degreesC for short period of times, (5-10 min), in order to evaluated the possible benefic effects of microwave heating treatments in this field.

2001 - Characterization of Pr-doped zircon by comparing hyperfine technique (PAC) and Rietveld refinement [Abstract in Atti di Convegno]
Bondioli, F.; Ferrari, A. M.; Manfredini, T.; Caracoche, M. C.; Robio-Puzzo, L.
abstract

Nowadays, some widely used inorganic pigments (vanadium blue, praseodymium yellow, and iron-coral pink) are based on ZrSi04 stoichiometry where the color is prevalently obtained by substitutional doping. This work deals with provided structural information on pure and praseodymium-doped zircon powders synthesized by the traditional ceramic route in order to evaluate the location of the dopant ion and the modification introduced in the zircon lattice. The information obtained by using the extremely localized perturbed angular correlation technique was compared with Rietveld structure refinement data. The kinetic of zircon pigment formation was followed by environmental scanning electron microscopy.

2001 - ESEMPI DI INERTIZZAZIONE E VALORIZZAZIONE DI CENERE VOLANTE DI ACCIAIERIA [Articolo su rivista]
Barbieri, Luisa; Bondioli, Federica; Corradi, Anna; Lancellotti, Isabella; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

2001 - Il colore nei materiali ceramici: i pigmenti inorganici [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica
abstract

In questo articolo vengono messe in evidenza le principali proprietà dei pigmenti inorganici per la colorazione dei materiali ceramici

2001 - Study of the vibrational spectrum of cuprorivaite [Articolo su rivista]
Baraldi, Pietro; Bondioli, Federica; C., Fagnano; Ferrari, Anna Maria; A., Tinti; M., Vinella
abstract

In this research, after tracing a history of the pigment, the preparation and analysis of samples of Egyptian blue have been reported. The main reactions taking place during its preparation are indicated. X-ray diffractions show that, starting from mixtures of precursors with stoichiometric composition, the product is practically only cuprorivaite. The kind of flux and cristallinity of silica does not seem determining factors for the pigment formation. Infrared and Raman spectra and an assignment of the bands are reported, Impurities ascertained are discussed on the basis on the data available.

2001 - Synthesis of oxide pigments powders by microwave treatments [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Corradi, Anna; Leonelli, Cristina; Bondioli, Federica; Siligardi, Cristina; Veronesi, Paolo; Pellacani, Gian Carlo
abstract

In this paper the authors report the use of microwave technology to synthesize inorganic pigment to color traditional ceramic material

2001 - “Applicazione di pigmenti fosfatici ottenuti mediante trattamento termico convenzionale e microonde” [Articolo su rivista]
Ferrari, Anna Maria; Bondioli, Federica; Leonelli, Cristina; Siligardi, Cristina
abstract

Alcuni fosfati metallici contenenti nichel, cobalto o rame sono stati sintetizzati calcinando sia per via convenzionale sia mediante trattamento a microonde, i relativi alchilfosfonati. le polveri dei pigmenti ottenuti sono state caratterizzate con diverse tecniche quali XRD, DTA, spettroscopie IR e UV-Vis con misure di colore. Particolare attenzone è stata rivolta all'applicabilità di questi composti nella colorazione di materiali ceramici.

2000 - Applicabilità del color matching nell'industria cramica [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Romagnoli, Marcello; V., Morisi
abstract

In questo articoli gli autori, dopo una breve introduzione sul color matching e sulla teoria di Kubelka-Munk, evidenziano la possibilità e limiti dell'applicazione nella predizione del colore in campo ceramico.

2000 - Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) investigation of the reaction mechanism in praseodymium-doped zircon [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Corradi, Anna; Ferrari, Anna Maria; Manfredini, Tiziano; G., Baldi
abstract

The formation mechanism of praseodymium-doped zircon stain was studied, using environment scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) primarily. The significance of ESEM as a processing tool for studying chemical and morphologic dynamic changes under controlled temperature conditions was evaluated, with respect to the traditional investigation methods.

2000 - Grey ceramic pigment (Fe, Zn)Cr2O4 obtained from industrial fly ash [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Barbieri, Luisa; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

In this paper the possibility to use fly ash to synthesize a ceramic pigment has been evaluated.

2000 - Hyperfine Characterization of Pure and Doped Zircons [Articolo su rivista]
Rubio Puzzo, L.; Caracoche, M. C.; Cervera, M. M.; Rivas, P. C.; Ferrari, Anna Maria; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

The aim of this work has been to investigate the influence of two coloring dopant ions on the ZrSio4 host lattice, Pure, vanadium-doped and praseodymium-doped zircon powders have been synthesized by the ceramic method and analyzed using X-ray diffraction and perturbed angular correlations (PAC) hyperfine technique which probes the nearest environments of zirconium ions.

2000 - Inorganic Pigments [Articolo su rivista]
Manfredini, Tiziano; Bondioli, Federica
abstract

In this paper the authors report the main characteristic of inorganic pigments used to color industrial ceramic materials

2000 - Non-conventional synthesis of praeseodymiun-doped ceria by flux method [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Corradi, Anna; Manfredini, Tiziano; Leonelli, Cristina; R., Bertoncello
abstract

The synthesis of Ce1-xPrxO2 solid solutions by three different methods (flux method, coprecipitation, and solid-state reactivity) has been investigated to establish optimal preparation conditions. The system studied was chosen because of its thermal and chemical properties and because of its utility as red and orange ceramic pigments. The results obtained showed that the Ce1-xPrxO2 solid solution can be achieved using all three preparation techniques. The three synthesis methodssflux, coprecipitation, and solid-state reactions vary with regard to both the time and temperature used in the heat treatments, and the characteristics of the powders obtained (purity, morphology, granularity). In the preparation of powders by the flux method, the use of molten salts ensures a notable acceleration of the reaction kinetics. We found that the eutectic NaOH-KOH is particularly effective. The samples obtained exhibited a clearly spherical shape together with a considerable fineness. This nonconventional technique thus enables the synthesis of extremely homogeneous compounds that are especially suitable in industrial application such as pigments used in decorative ceramic materials. The solid solutions obtained are, indeed, able to develop an intense red coloring, especially these with a Pr content of 5 mol %.

2000 - Preparation of (Fe,Cr)2O3 solid solution as black pigment [Articolo su rivista]
Manfredini, Tiziano; Bondioli, Federica; Romagnoli, Marcello
abstract

in this paper the authors report the optimal synthesis condition to obtain a black ceramic pigment

2000 - Reaction Mechanism in Alumina/Chromia (Al2O3/Cr2O3) Solid Solutions Obtained by Co-Precipitation [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Ferrari, Anna Maria; Leonelli, Cristina; Manfredini, Tiziano; L., Linati; P., Mustarelli
abstract

The aim of this work is to study the structural characteristics and properties of the solid solution (Al,Cr)(2)O-3. XRD analysis, Al-27 MAS-NMR measurements, and microstructural characterization were used to determine the relationship between color and crystallochemical properties of the compounds formed, In particular, to determine more accurately the mechanism of solid solution formation above the miscibility gap of the system, the marker technique was used. In order to define the behavior of the system for temperatures below the miscibility gap at 1 bar pressure, the composition Al2O3:Cr2O3 1:1 was studied with high-temperature XRD.

2000 - Study of the reactivity of zircon pigments in glass matrix [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bondioli, Federica; Leonelli, Cristina; Manfredini, Tiziano; Wc, Lacourse
abstract

In this paper the authors report the reactivity of 3 different zircon-based pigments in ceramic glaze studied by an optical microscopy.

2000 - Synthesis of a novel Yellow Tb-doped ZrSiO4 Pigment by Suspension Spray Drying [Monografia/Trattato scientifico]
Ferrari, Anna Maria; A., Bonamartini Corradi; Bondioli, Federica; P., Bowen
abstract

The colloidal processing route has several advantages over other processing methods for obtaining dense and homogeneous microstructures. The aim of the present work is to obtain a yellow pigment based on the substitutional doping of Tb4O7 into the ZrSiO4 structure using a colloidal route and to investigate its feasibility as a coloring agent for fast double firing tiles.

2000 - The search for new red pigments [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

In this paper the authors report the application of a ceria-based red pigment to color industrial ceramic material

1999 - Applicazioni della Meccanosintesi nella Produzione di Pigmenti Inorganici Industriali [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

In questo articolo gli autori riportano la sintesi mediante una tecnologia innovativa quale la meccanosintesi di pigmenti ceramici per uso industriale

1999 - Applicazioni della cromite Naturale nella Colorazione degli Impasti per Grés Porcellanato [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano; Romagnoli, Marcello
abstract

In questo articolo gli autori, dopo una caratterizzazione chimica, fisica e mineralogica, valutano l'applicabilità di cromite naturale per la colorazione di materiali ceramici industriali

1999 - Ceramic Oxide (MeO2) Solid Solution Obtained by Mechanical Alloying [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bondioli, Federica; Romagnoli, Marcello; Barbieri, Luisa; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

This work has to be regarded as a laboratory study concerning the synthesis and the application as ceramic pigments of powders obtained by mechanochemistry. In ceramic industry pigments, that must show thermal and chemical stability at high temperature and must be inert to the chemical action of the molten glazes, were traditionally obtained by calcination of raw materials. These heat treatment was carried out adding mineralizers (fluorides) to lower the high synthesis temperatures (1200-1400°C). The possibility to obtain them at room temperature and without mineralizers is of great interest: avoiding high calcination temperatures can cause dramatic reduction in toxic gase emission and minimizes high temperature technology investments.

1999 - Inorganic pigments for ceramic tiles: Characteristics and industrial applications [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, F.; Manfredini, T.; Pellacani, G. C.
abstract

This paper aims at presenting an overview of recent trends in the industrial applications of inorganic pigments in the tile industry. Examples of applications of natural and synthetic inorganic pigments to colour-glazed and unglazed tiles at high temperatures are presented. The most important aspects concerning the physical and chemical properties of pigments, the design of new pigments and application of unconventional synthesis methods are discussed.

1999 - Nanosized CeO2 powders obtained by flux method [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Corradi, Anna; Leonelli, Cristina; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

Cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2) powders were prepared by the flux method, adding cerium ammonium nitrate ((NH4)(2)Ce(NO3)(6)) to an eutectic mixture of molten salts, followed by washing and drying. To evaluate the effect of the molten salts on the powders, three different fluxes were used: KOH/NaOH, NaNO3/KNO3, and LiCl/KCl eutectic mixtures. The temperature and the stoichiometry of each reaction were determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Specific surface area analysis (BET), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray techniques were used to study the morphology and particle size distribution of the solid products. Results showed the presence, in the reaction products, of homogeneously sized and shaped particles of a single nanosized CeO2 phase. The powder obtained with chlorides out of molten salts had the finer particle size distribution, with a very narrow dimensional range of 20-10

1998 - Inorganic Pigments: production and industrial applications [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano; P. N., Deoliveira
abstract

In this paper the authors report the main characteristic of inorganic pigments used to color industrial ceramic materials

1998 - Kinetic study of conventional solid-state synthesis of BaTiO3 by in situ HT-XRD [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bondioli, Federica; Corradi, Anna; Ferrari, Anna Maria; Manfredini, Tiziano; Pellacani, Gian Carlo
abstract

The reaction path for the solid state synthesis of barium titanate, from barium carbonate and anatase, was first identified. In this work, plots of f(alpha) versus time, where alpha is the reacted fraction, were used to distinguish the reaction mechanisms of BaTiO3 formation by using an KT-XRD (high temperature x-ray diffraction) technique. On the basis of kinetic analysis, an overall process with two distinct regimes was proposed: for the first regime nucleation and growth are the dominant processes, while diffusion controls the second one. The reaction rates of both the processes were also determined.

1998 - Microwave synthesis of Al2O3-Cr2O3(ss) ceramic pigments [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Corradi, Anna; Ferrari, Anna Maria; Leonelli, Cristina; Siligardi, Cristina; Manfredini, Tiziano; Ng, Evans
abstract

A pink ceramic pigment belonging to the Al2O3/Cr2O3 oxide system was successfully obtained by drying and firing microwave treatments starting from inorganic coprecipitated hydroxide gets. Compared with rite pigments obtained by conventional industrial ceramic methods, the introduction of microwave treatment can lead to a more continuous and efficient process consuming a small fraction of the energy and time of conventional treatment.

1998 - Pigmenti Inorganici: Progettazione, Produzione ed Applicazioni Industriali [Articolo su rivista]
Bondioli, Federica; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

in questo articolo gli autori riportano le principali caratteristiche dei pigmenti inorganici per la colorazione dei materiali ceramici

1997 - Chromite as a Pigment for Fast-Fired Porcelain Tiles [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bondioli, Federica; Ferrari, Anna Maria; Leonelli, Cristina; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

In this paper the authors report the main characteristic of inorganic pigment used to color industrial ceramic materials

1997 - Conventional and Microwave Preparation of the Al2O3/Cr2O3 (ss) pink pigment [Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Bondioli, Federica; Ferrari, Anna Maria; Leonelli, Cristina; Siligardi, Cristina; Manfredini, Tiziano
abstract

In this paper the authors report an unconventional synthesis to obtain the pink pigment Alumina/Chromia.

Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia

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