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ANTONELLA FRANCHINI
COLLABORATORE DI RICERCA
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita sede ex-Biologia
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Pubblicazioni
2019
- Adaptive immunity and skin wound healing in amphibian adults
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella
abstract
Regeneration and repair with scarring of the skin are two different responses to tissue injury that proceed depending on the animal species. Several studies in multiple organisms have shown that the effectiveness of tissue repair gradually decreases with age in most vertebrates, while the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the diverse potentials remain incompletely understood. It is clear, however, that immune system actively participates in the whole process and immune-related activities can mediate both negative and positive roles to influence the quality and diversity of tissue response to damage. Compared with innate immunity, our understanding of the significance of adaptive immune cells in normal repair outcome is limited and deserves further investigation. Here, experimental evidence supporting the contribution of lymphocytes and the involvement of lymphoid organs in skin wound healing are discussed, focusing on the findings emerged in adult amphibians, key animal models for tissue repair and regeneration research.
2019
- Utilizzo dei reperti osteologici del Museo di Zoologia e Anatomia Comparata dell’Università di Modena e Reggio Emila come collezione di confronto per indagini storiche su Mutina romana.
[Relazione in Atti di Convegno]
Pederzoli, A.; Ansaloni, I.; Mola, L.; Sala, L.; Franchini, A.; Pellegrini, S.; Labate, D.
abstract
2018
- Ambiente e sistema endocrino: la sincronizzazione dei ritmi endogeni nei vertebrati
[Articolo su rivista]
Mola, L.; Cuoghi, B.; Franchini, A.
abstract
Vertebrate physiology and behaviour follow circadian and circannual rhythms, which result in adapting to the cyclical variations of the environment, such as photoperiod and temperature. To interpret the light/dark cycle, the first vertebrates (fish and larval amphibians) use the “third eye”, a photoreceptor organ of the epithalamus, which during evolution turned into an endocrine gland, named epiphysis or pineal gland. This gland produces melatonin, a hormone that still carries the photoperiod-linked message. This article discusses some evolutionary aspects of the epithalamic structures and multiple functions of melatonin.
2018
- La borsa di Fabrizio: passato e presente.
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, A.; Mola, L.
abstract
Girolamo Fabrici, or Fabrizi, also known as Fabrizio di Acquapendente, became famous as physician and anatomist. He was professor at the University of Padua, where he taught anatomy and surgery for about half a century and we owe him the construction of the Anatomical Theater. He was also a comparative anatomist, opened the field of comparative embryology and discovered the so-called “Fabrici bursa”, the site of the B lymphocytes differentiation in birds. A brief history of the researches that led to clarify the morpho-physiology of this organ is reported.
2017
- Thymus: Conservation in evolution
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
ABSTRACT From an evolutionary point of view, the thymus is a new organ observed for the first time in fish concomitantly with the appearance of adaptive clonotypical immunity. Hormone and neuropeptide expression was demonstrated in different species suggesting a conserved role of these molecules. An integrated evolution of immune and neuroendocrine responses appears to have been realized by means of the re-use of ancestral material, such as neuroendocrine cells and mediators, to create a thymic microenvironment for the maturation and differentiation of T cells.
2016
- Celomic cells of the marine fireworm Hermodice carunculata (Annelida, Polychaeta
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Simonini, Roberto; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
We have examined the morphological and functional characteristics of the celomic cells in the marine fireworm Hermodice carunculata. The cells differ in morphology, in relation to the presence of cytoplasmic granules, adhere to the glass, phagocytize zymosan A particles and contain ACTH-like molecules. We suggest the presence of only one cell type in the worm celomic fluid, i.e., the immunocyte described in other invertebrates.
2016
- Immunity and Wound Healing: Regeneration or Repair?
[Capitolo/Saggio]
Franchini, Antonella
abstract
Tissue injury triggers a highly complex and dynamic process of healing, involving
several coordinated molecular and cellular events to achieve the pre-damage
integrity and homeostasis. The response can occur in the form of regeneration
or repair. Regeneration is variable and results in full replacement of any part
of the body (in some invertebrates), complex structures (eg, limbs), internal
organs (eg, liver), or lost/damaged tissue so that the original architecture and
function are completely restored. In contrast, repair involves fibrotic reactions
leading to scar formation that often impair tissue functionality. The capacity to
perfectly regrow lost appendages or injured tissues varies widely among animal
species. It shows a general gradual loss during ontogenesis and, although the
mechanisms underlying regenerative ability have been largely investigated, the
reasons for the variable potentials remain unclear……
2016
- The spleen and skin wound healing in Xenopus adults
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Della Rocca, Annalaura; Bertolotti, Evelina
abstract
In most vertebrates, the regenerative capacity to restore lost/damage tissues to original structure and functionality decreases at some time during ontogenesis. To evaluate the role of the acquired immunity in the decline of regenerative potential, we examined the cellular responses elicited in the spleen during skin repair in Xenopus adults. Modifications in the architecture were found to be induced and were remarkable 14 days postinjury when the spleen increased significantly in size. In white pulp, the periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths were associated with follicles having central light zones, morphologically similar to germinal centers. With the progress of healing, pigment-containing cells were seen to accumulate in both white and red pulp regions. Moreover, compared to controls, the cells immunoreactive to anti-cytokines (TNF-α, TGF-β1) and -iNOS increased from the first days after wounding. The 14th day, the positive cells formed a dense network of reticular cells in central regions of lymphoid follicles and more frequent reactive leukocytes were detected within the red pulp. A higher number of lymphoid cells immunostained with anti-CD3ε were also observed in the perifollicular zone. The results suggest that the spleen of adult frogs is involved in skin wound healing with the expansion of lymphoid compartments.
2015
- Anfibi
[Capitolo/Saggio]
Franchini, Antonella
abstract
Gli Anfibi costituiscono dei buoni modelli per analizzare diversi aspetti dell’immunità e per studiarne ontogenesi e filogenesi. Sono la classe di Vertebrati in cui compare lo switch di classe delle immunoglobuline, nonostante non siano presenti linfonodi e non si formino centri germinativi. Il sistema immunitario adattativo dell’adulto è simile a quello dei Mammiferi nei suoi componenti principali, con cellule B e T che esprimono recettori di superficie specifici per l’antigene generati mediante riarrangiamenti genici RAG-dipendenti. Sono presenti un timo per il differenziamento delle cellule T e una milza che rappresenta il principale organo linfoide secondario. La maggior parte degli studi relativi ad Anfibi si sono soprattutto concentrati in specie del genere Xenopus, modelli di non Mammifero ideali per studiare l’immunità: sono disponibili molteplici strumenti per le ricerche immunologioche (per es. cloni isogenici e ceppi inbred MHC-definiti, linee cellulari, anticorpi monoclonali) e, grazie al sequenziamento del genoma in X. tropicalis, sono in corso analisi di immunogenetica.
2014
- The main actors involved in extending the invertebrate life span
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Mandrioli, Mauro
abstract
Classical invertebrate models, i.e., Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, have
provided the keys to understand the life span regulation. In the present paper we summarize the
mechanisms involved in this process with particular emphasis on the role of the fly fat body. It is
interesting to note that pathways which lead to an extension of life span are highly conserved in
animals so that “longevity pathways” identified in invertebrates provide templates for the identification
of genes and drugs that regulate longevity and diseases also in other animals, including mammals.
2014
- The thymus and skin wound healing in Xenopus laevis adults.
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Bertolotti, Evelina
abstract
The capacity to heal wounds without scars is generally lost during the development in vertebrates. To
explore the involvement of cells of the adaptive immune system in a scar-like tissue based repair, we
studied the thymus in 15-month-old Xenopus after skin incisional wounding.
2013
- LA MILZA DI Xenopus laevis NEL CORSO DELLA RIPARAZIONE DI FERITE CUTANEE
[Abstract in Rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; A., DELLA ROCCA; Bertolotti, Evelina
abstract
Gli Anfibi sono modelli di Vertebrati ideali e più utilizzati per studiare diversi aspetti dell’immunità e per analizzare i meccanismi alla base dei processi riparativi e della perdita del potenziale rigenerativo. Le cellule del sistema immunitario svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nel guidare la qualità del ripristino dell’integrità tessutale dopo un danno, con coinvolgimento di risposte immunitarie sia innate sia adattative. Sono state studiate le modificazioni morfo-funzionali della milza, principale organo linfoide secondario, in Xenopus laevis adulti di 15 mesi durante la riparazione di ferite cutanee. Le risposte indotte nell’organo sono risultate essere in relazione alle diverse fasi della guarigione della ferita. Le dimensioni aumentano in modo significativo dopo 14 giorni, quando si forma ed è attivo il tessuto di granulazione nell’area in riparazione e le modificazioni strutturali della milza sono particolarmente evidenti. Si osserva una maggiore estensione della zona marginale e della polpa bianca la quale presenta manicotti linfatici ben sviluppati, che circondano arteriole dilatate e spesso associati ad ampi noduli simili ai follicoli secondari con centri germinativi dei linfonodi. Un aumento del numero di cellule positive ad anticorpi anti-citochine (TNFa, TGFb1) e -iNOS, soprattutto nella polpa bianca, si osserva nei primi giorni dopo la ferita e diventa particolarmente marcato al 14° giorno. Aumentano anche le cellule immunoreattive ad anti-CD3e, marcatore delle cellule T, nella zona marginale. Un mese dopo la ferita, sia in polpa rossa sia in polpa bianca, maggiore è il numero delle cellule pigmentate che, con il procedere del processo di guarigione dell’area lesionata, si aggregano in piccoli cluster di dimensioni crescenti. Al termine del periodo di osservazione (6 mesi), i quadri strutturali e di immunoreattività ritornano simili a quelli osservati in animali non operati. I risultati indicano un coinvolgimento della milza nel processo di riparazione di una ferita con sviluppo dei compartimenti T e B dipendenti e la produzione di fattori molecolari che potrebbero facilitare le interazioni tra componenti coinvolti nelle risposte immunitarie. La capacità di rigenerazione completa di una ferita, osservata nelle larve ed in animali neo-metamorfosati, viene gradualmente persa durante la crescita dell’adulto e può essere correlata alla maturazione dell’immunità adattativ
2013
- Le modificazioni del timo Xenopus laevis durante la guarigione di ferite
[Abstract in Rivista]
Bertolotti, Evelina; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
La riparazione di una ferita è un processo biologico complesso che procede attraverso diverse fasi con l’attivazione coordinata di vari tipi cellulari. Studi in modelli di Vertebrati hanno sottolineato un coinvolgimento assai complesso e critico svolto dalla risposta infiammatoria e dalle cellule immuni nell’orchestrare la qualità della risoluzione del danno tessutale. Xenopus neo-metamorfosati sono capaci di perfetta rigenerazione della pelle e tale capacità si riduce gradualmente nel corso della crescita dell’adulto. Per approfondire il ruolo svolto dalle cellule del sistema immunitario, in particolare delle cellule T, il timo di adulti di X. laevis di 15 mesi è stato studiato con metodi istochimici ed immunocitochimici nel corso della riparazione di ferite cutanee. Nella fase di formazione del nuovo tessuto di granulazione, 14 giorni dopo la ferita, un maggior numero di linfociti T (immunoreattivi a marcatori di superficie Xenopus-specifici) è reclutato nell’area del danno in concomitanza con un aumento significativo delle dimensioni del timo correlato a marcate modificazioni morfo-funzionali, soprattutto in area midollare. In questa regione, è presente un maggior numero di cellule mucocita-simili, cellule granulari basofile e mioidi; si osservano strutture (non presenti nei controlli) che ricordano i corpuscoli di Hassall presenti nel timo di Mammifero, cellule dendritiche in conformazione attiva e vasi fortemente dilatati circondati da aggregati di linfociti. Inoltre, già nei primi giorni dopo la ferita si assiste ad un aumento del numero di cellule, quali alcune cellule basofile, cellule epiteliali isolate o parte della parete di cisti epiteliali, cellule dendritiche e qualche cellula mioide (la cui positività è in relazione alla fase maturativa), immunoreattive ad anti-TNF-α. Le differenze osservate persistono anche durante la fase di rimodellamento dell’area del danno e con il procedere del processo riparativo il timo recupera gradualmente struttura e immunoreattività simili al controllo. Dai risultati emerge che nel corso della guarigione di una ferita sono indotte modificazioni nel timo, che coinvolgono cellule del microambiente e molecole (quali TNF-α) critiche per la funzionalità dell’organo, che suggeriscono una stimolazione della sua attività e fanno pensare ad un contributo della componente linfocitaria negli eventi cellulari e molecolari che mediano i processi riparativi.
2013
- Skin Wound Healing in Different Aged Xenopus laevis
[Articolo su rivista]
Bertolotti, Evelina; Malagoli, Davide; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
Xenopus froglets can perfectly heal skin
wounds without scarring. To explore whether this
capacity is maintained as development proceeds, we
examined the cellular responses during the repair of skin
injury in 8- and 15-month-old Xenopus laevis. The morphology
and sequence of healing phases (i.e., inflammation,
new tissue formation, and remodeling) were
independent of age, while the timing was delayed in older
frogs. At the beginning of postinjury, wound re-epithelialization
occurred in form of a thin epithelium followed by a
multilayered epidermis containing cells with apoptotic
patterns and keratinocytes stained by anti-inducible nitric
oxide synthase (iNOS) antibody. The inflammatory
response, early activated by recruitment of blood cells immunoreactive
to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a,
iNOS, transforming growth factor (TGF)-b1, and matrix
metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, persisted over time. The dermis
repaired by a granulation tissue with extensive angiogenesis,
inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and anti-a-SMA
positive myofibroblasts. As the healing progressed,
wounded areas displayed vascular regression, decrease in
cellularity, and rearrangement of provisional matrix. The
epidermis restored to a prewound morphology while granulation
tissue was replaced by a fibrous tissue in a scarlike
pattern. The quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated
an up-regulated expression of Xenopus suppressor of cytokine
signaling 3 (XSOCS-3) and Xenopus transforming
growth factor-b2 (XTGF-b2) soon after wounding and
peak levels were detected when granulation tissue was
well developed with a large number of inflammatory cells.
The findings indicate that X. laevis skin wound healing
occurred by a combination of regeneration (in epidermis)
and repair (in dermis) and, in contrast to froglet scarless
wound healing, the growth to a more mature adult stage
is associated with a decrease in regenerative capacity
with scar-like tissue formation.
2012
- Morpho-functional changes of fat body in bacteria fed Drosophila melanogaster strains
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Mandrioli, Mauro; C., Franceschi; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
We have examined the addition of Escherichia coli to the diet at day 0 of adult life of females from two Oregon R Drosophila melanogaster strains, selected for different longevities: a short-life with an average adult life span of 10 days and a long-life standard R strain with an average adult life span of 50 days. The addition of bacteria to the diet significantly prolonged the fly longevity in both strains and affected the structure and histochemical reactivity of the fat body. The increased survival was characterized by great amount of glycogen accumulated in fat body cells from both strains. In aged control animals, fed with standard diet, lipid droplets were seen to be stored in fat body of short-lived, but not long-lived, flies. On the whole, our data indicate that exogenous bacteria are able to extend the survival of Drosophila females, and suggest that such a beneficial effect can be mediated, at least in part, by the fat body cells that likely play a role in modulating the accumulation and mobilization of reserve stores to ensure lifelong energy homeostasis.
2012
- Skin wound repair in adult Xenopus laevis
[Abstract in Rivista]
Bertolotti, Evelina; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
Restoration of tissue integrity and homeostasis after an injury is a fundamental property of all organisms and there is diversity in how this process occurs. The healing response can lead to complete regeneration of tissue structure or repair that involves collagen deposition and scar formation. The regenerative capacity of anuran amphibians depends on the developmental stage and declines as metamorphosis proceeds. Few studies have addressed the ability of adult anurans to heal their wounds: skin repair occurred with scar synthesis in Rana catesbeiana, while it was without scarring in young adult Xenopus froglets.
In this work, we investigated the repair of skin wounds in different aged (8 and 15 month old) X. laevis adults to determine the quality of the wound healing response. Molecules (TNF-a, iNOS, MMP-9, a-SMA) and selected genes (SOCS-3, TGF-b2), known to be involved in inflammatory responses and wound healing, were analysed by immunohistochemical reactions and quantitative RT-PCR. The histological results showed similar repair step sequences in different aged frogs: inflammation, new tissue formation and maturation with wound contraction and remodeling. A large infiltrate of neutrophils and macrophages was early seen in the injured area and then lymphocytes were also detected in the granulation tissue. This wound connective tissue was characterized by extensive angiogenesis and transformation of some fibroblasts into anti-a-SMA immunoreactive myofibroblasts which contributed to scar formation. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the regulator of cytokine signaling, SOCS-3, was rapidly up-regulated after the injury and maintained high levels during the process, while TGF-b2, an important tissue fibrosis promoter, increased when the new tissue was formed and high induced expression persisted later in the repair.
The results demonstrated that Xenopus skin regenerative capacity is lost with increasing age of the adult. The outcome of skin wound healing is similar to that of mammals with the formation of a scar-like tissue that may be related to an intense immune response, abundant granulation tissue and wound contraction. Moreover, α-SMA, SOCS-3 and TGFβ promote the tissue repair with expression patterns that seem to be different from those observed in scarless healing.
2012
- The thymus and tail regenerative capacity in Xenopus laevis tadpoles
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; E., Bertolotti
abstract
A morphofunctional analysis of the thymus from differently aged Xenopus laevis tadpoles during regenerationof the tail is reported. In stage 50 larvae, competent to regenerate, the appendage cut provoked thymicstructural modifications that affected the medullary microenvironment cells and changes in TNF-immunoreactivity. Mucocyte-like cells, multicellular epithelial cysts, myoid cells and cells immunoreactiveto TNF- increased in number. Increased numbers of lymphocytes were also found in regeneratingareas and, at the end of regeneration, thymic structural and immunocytochemical patterns were restoredto control levels. The observed cellular responses and the induction of molecules critical for thymus constitutiveprocesses suggest a stimulation of thymic function after tail amputation. In older larvae, whosecapacity to form a new complete and correctly patterned tail was reduced, thymic morphological changeswere more severe and may persist throughout the regeneration process with a significant reduction inorgan size. In these larvae the histological patterns and the marked thymic decrease may be related tothe events occurring during regeneration, i.e. the higher inflammatory response and the reduced tailregenerative potential.
2011
- Gut microbiota as a candidate for lifespan extension:an ecological/evolutionary perspective targeted on livingorganisms as metaorganisms
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; N., Ventura; Mandrioli, Mauro; M., Candela; Franchini, Antonella; C., Franceschi
abstract
An emerging central concept in evolutionarybiology suggests that symbiosis is a universalcharacteristic of living organisms that can help inunderstanding complex traits and phenotypes. Duringevolution, an integrative circuitry fundamental forsurvival has been established between commensal gutmicrobiota and host. On the basis of recent knowledgein worms, flies, and humans, an important roleof the gut microbiota in aging and longevity isemerging. The complex bacterial community thatpopulates the gut and that represents an evolutionaryadapted ecosystem correlated with nutrition appearsto limit the accumulation of pathobionts and infectionsin all taxa, being able of affecting the efficiencyof the host immune system and exerting systemicmetabolic effects. There is an urgent need todisentangle the underpinning molecular mechanisms,which could shed light on the basic mechanisms ofaging in an ecological perspective. Thus, it appearspossible to extend healthy aging and lifespan bytargeting the host as a metaorganism by manipulatingthe complex symbiotic ecosystem of gut microbiota,as well as other possible ecosystems of the body.
2011
- Tail regenerative capacity and thymus responses in Xenopus laevis tadpoles
[Abstract in Atti di Convegno]
Bertolotti, Evelina; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
Xenopus laevis provides a valuable model to examine cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the progressive decline of regenerative potential that occurs towards metamorphosis. To better understand the involvement of cells of the immune system on the quality of tissue response to injury, we studied the morpho-functional changes in regenerating area and thymus of different staged (st 50 and st 55/56) X. laevis tadpoles after partial tail cut. Unlike younger larvae able to rebuild perfect tails, an high percentage of older tadpoles showed reduced regenerative capacity and the histochemical data demonstrated different morphological patterns in the repair events. In st 55/56, wound healing slowed down, inflammatory and angiogenetic responses and immunoreactivity to anti-inducible nitric oxide synthase antibody were stronger and persistent during the regeneration process. The new tails resulted malformed. The thymus of st 50 larvae, compared to that of unoperated controls, showed a significant higher number of cells with apoptotic figures only at 1 day after amputation, an increased number of medullary epithelial cysts, mucous and myoid cells and cells immunoreactive to anti-TNF-a antibody. A recovery to control patterns was also found. The thymic structural modifications were severe and observed throughout the process in the older tadpoles and included significant increase of apoptotic cells, reduction of medulla and a higher number of TNF- a immunoreactive cells. At the end of regeneration the thymus size was found to be reduced even up to about 40%.
The findings indicate a stimulation of the thymic function after tail amputation and an induction of molecules critical for organ function suggesting a possible role of the lymphocyte component in control of Xenopus regenerative outcomes. The age-dependent events occurring in regenerates, i.e. degree of inflammatory response, may be related to thymic structural modifications.
2011
- The tail regenerative capacity and iNOS immunolocalization in Xenopus laevis tadpoles
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Bertolotti, Evelina
abstract
The morphology and the immuno-distribution ofthe inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) havebeen examined in regenerating tails from differently agedXenopus laevis larvae. By comparing stage-50 and stage-55/56 tadpoles, various morphological aspects and immunoreactivityto anti-iNOS antibody in terms of the numberand duration of positive cells have been demonstrated in theregenerating buds. Unlike in stage-50 larvae, the extent ofresponses to tail amputation in older larvae is moredependent on the individual tadpole and a high percentage(70%-80%) of malformed tails has been seen. The findingsindicate that the decline in the efficiency of Xenopus tailregeneration is driven by differences in the inflammatoryresponses and in the involvement of nitric oxide. Thismolecule is induced and required for normal tail regeneration,whereas in excess, it is probably associated withprogressive loss in the regeneration capability.
2011
- The thymus in the tail regeneration of Xenopus laevis tadpoles
[Abstract in Rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Bertolotti, Evelina
abstract
The tadpoles of the frog Xenopus laevis show significant regeneration capacity and are useful models to examine cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the appendage regeneration. After amputation, most of the tail can be rebuilt during the larval life and this ability is gradually reduced as development proceeds towards metamorphosis.
Previous studies demonstrated different morpho-functional responses to tail amputation of different aged X. laevis tadpoles. Unlike stage (st) 50, an high percentage of st 55/56 larvae showed limited regenerative efficiency and malformed and shorter new tails were observed. The immune cells were found to take part in the response to tissue injury, in determining the inflammation degree and success of repair process.
In this work, the thymus from tail amputated Xenopus larvae (st 50 and st 55/56) was investigated by histochemical and immunohistochemical reactions. The examination of st 50 revealed changes of thymic architecture, compared to unoperated controls, characterized by an increased number of multicellular epithelial cysts, mucous and myoid cells, and cells, mainly located in the medulla, immunoreactive to anti-TNF-a antibody. A significant higher number in cortical apoptotic figures was only detected 1 day after tail cut. The thymic structural modifications were more marked, and observed throughout tail regeneration process, in most of the older tadpoles. The cellular responses included significant increase of apoptotic pictures and reduction of the medullary area where large epithelial cysts containing secretory material and cell debris were seen. At the end of regeneration process the organ size was found to be reduced of about 40%. Compared to unoperated controls, a higher number of TNF-a immunoreactive cells was also observed.
These findings show that tail cut provokes a stimulation of the thymic function and induction of molecules critical for organ constitutive processes indicating a possible role of the lymphocyte component in control of Xenopus tail regenerative quality outcomes. The stage-dependent events occurring in regenerating tail microenvironment, i.e. degree of inflammatory response, may be related to thymic structural modifications.
2010
- Effects of marine toxins on Xenopus laevis early development
[Abstract in Rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Malagoli, Davide; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is a lipophilic compound produced by several marine dinoflagellates, almost exclusively accumulated in mussel digestive gland. The consumption of contaminated animals provokes a syndrome in humans known as diarrheic shellfish poisoning. Palytoxin (PTX) is a large, water soluble polyalcohol found in a variety of marine organisms ranging from dinoflagellates to fish, implicated in seafood poisoning and classified as neurotoxin.
Our experiments were performed by using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) protocol, and X. laevis embryos at early gastrula stage were treated with different toxin concentrations (0.1, 1 and 10 nM for OA and 0.37, 37 and 370 nM for PTX) for 5 days. The bioassay showed that both toxins affected Xenopus development in terms of mortality, delayed growth and embryo malformation. In particular significant mortality rates were observed with PTX higher dose and the initial sample population decreased by about 80% at assay end. The observation of surviving larvae showed a marked tail folding. Further histological and histochemical studies revealed disorders to the nervous system (the most sensitive tissue) and to the tail skeletal musculature, while alterations also involved the main visceral organs.
Molecular biology-based experiments assessed the expression of four genes (siamois, engrailed-2, bmp4, and myf5) involved in the early events of Xenopus development (stages 11-47) and showed that PTX induces an increase in expression levels in all genes, while the response to OA is stage-dependent, with the embryonic development stages more sensitive than the larval stages. The de-regulated gene expression patterns may account for FETAX and histological data.
2010
- Inflammatory response in molluscs: cross-taxa and evolutionary considerations
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Malagoli, Davide
abstract
Inflammation represents the rapid and efficient elimination of damaged tissue and microbes and eventually the restoration oftissue functionality. Inflammatory response is one of the vital reactions to body injury, acting alongside the restoration of homeostasis,wound repair and immune response. In mammals, wound healing is a process that seeks to restore tissue integrity and function, and ischaracterized by a series of biological processes including inflammatory response. Here, we review pioneering experiments and recentobservations in invertebrate models suggesting that in highly divergent and evolutionary distant taxa, such as molluscs, insects and vertebrates,the inflammatory response could be driven by a pool of molecules sharing common evolutionary origin.
2010
- Regenerative capacity in Xenopus laevis tadpole tail
[Abstract in Rivista]
Bertolotti, Evelina; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
The ability to regenerate lost tissue and organs varies among animal species, tissue and life cycle stages and the nature of repair responses has been related to the dynamic, reciprocal interactions among several signalling molecules and the cell types present and activated at the wound site. Amphibians, and in particular Xenopus laevis, provide excellent models to examine cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the progressive loss of regenerative potential.
In this context, X. laevis tadpoles in different regenerative competence stages (st 50 and st 55) were studied after tail partial amputation. The histochemical results showed similar sequences of repair events, i.e., the epithelial wound closure, the formation of a neural ampulla and a bullet-shaped mass of cells at the cut end of the notochord surrounded by mesenchymal-like cells, but they were by means different morphological patterns. Moreover differences were in a delayed full tail reconstitution in st 56, and in the extent of inflammatory responses and angiogenesis at the wound tail stumps. Immunoreactivity to antibodies for critical healing immune mediators, such as indicible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, was also found in a greater number of cells, mainly leukocytes, from the early healing phase in older tadpoles.
On the whole, our data indicate an important involvement of the immune cells and induction of NO synthesis in wound microenvironment in modulating the degree of immune responses and repair quality outcomes that may be at least partly related to the gradual decline of tail regeneration efficiency during tadpole development.
2010
- Targets and effects of yessotoxin, okadaic acid and palytoxin: a differential review. Mar. Drugs
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Malagoli, Davide; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
In this review, we focus on processes, organs and systems targeted by the marine toxins yessotoxin (YTX), okadaic acid (OA) and palytoxin (PTX). The effects of YTX and their basis are analyzed from data collected in the mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis, the annelid Enchytraeus crypticus, Swiss CD1 mice and invertebrate and vertebrate cell cultures. OA and PTX, two toxins with a better established mode of action, are analyzed with regard to their effects on development. The amphibian Xenopus laevis is used as a model, and the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) as the experimental protocol.
2009
- Expression of the genes siamois, engrailed-2, bmp4 and myf5 during Xenopus development in presence of the marine toxins okadaic acid and palytoxin.
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Casarini, Livio; Malagoli, Davide; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
The present investigation examines the effects of the marine toxins, okadaic acid (OA) and palytoxin (PTX), on some genes involved in the neural and muscular specification and patterning of Xenopus laevis. The RT-PCR analyses performed at different stages of embryonic and larval development (stages 11-47) demonstrated that both toxins induce an over-expression of the genes siamois and engrailed-2 and a different behaviour in bmp4 and myf5. Indeed, OA provoked a significant increase in bmp4 in the earliest stage (11) examined, a down-regulation from stages 12 to 17, and a renewed increase from the beginning of hatching onwards (stages 35-47). In contrast, myf5 was up-regulated in all stages up to 35. PTX induced an over-expression of both bmp4 and myf5 during the embryonic and early larval development stages. The results show that PTX induces an increase in expression levels in all tested genes, while the response to OA seems to be more stage-dependent, with the embryonic development stage more sensitive to the toxin than the larval stages.
2009
- Male or female? The epigenetic conflict between a feminizing bacterium and its insect host
[Articolo su rivista]
I., Negri; P. J., Mazzoglio; Franchini, Antonella; Mandrioli, Mauro; A., Alma
abstract
In the leafhopper Zyginidia pullula, the maternally-inherited symbiont Wolbachia pipientis feminizes genetic males, leaving them as intersex females. The Wolbachia density is correlated with the feminization degree of males which either bear ovaries or testes. Methylation-sensitive RAPD profiles showed that while feminized males with ovaries possess a female imprinting pattern, those with testes maintain the same methylation pattern of males, indicating that the Wolbachia infection is able to modulate host genomic imprinting, but this occurs only if the bacterium exceeds a density threshold. Here we report methylation-sensitive RAPD analyses on insects’ gonads (testes and ovaries) from leafhopper uninfected male and female individuals, and males feminized by Wolbachia, discussing these additional insights and speculating on possible bacterium/host interactions.
2009
- Unravelling the Wolbachia evolutionary role: the reprogramming of the host genomic imprinting.
[Articolo su rivista]
I., Negri; Franchini, Antonella; E., Gonella; D., Daffonchio; P. J., Mazzoglio; Mandrioli, Mauro; A., Alma
abstract
Environmental factors can play a significant role in inducing epigenetic changes that may also be inherited by future generations. The maternally-inherited symbiont of arthropods Wolbachia pipientis is an excellent candidate as an “environmental” factor promoting trans-generational epigenetic changes. Indeed, by establishing intimate relationships with germ line cells, epigenetic effects of Wolbachia symbiosis would be manifested as a “maternal effect”, in which infection of the mother modulates the offspring phenotype. In the leafhopper Zyginidia pullula, Wolbachia feminizes genetic males, leaving them as intersexes possessing phenotypic features that are typical of females (including ovaries) with the exception of male chitinous structures that are present in the last abdominal segments. Analysis of the methylation pattern revealed that genome imprinting of feminized males is identical to the female one indicating that Wolbachia may alter the proper establishment of the imprinting in the infected leafhoppers disrupting male imprinting, which dramatically influences the expression of genes involved in sex differentiation and development. Strikingly, Wolbachia is capable of inducing trans-generational inherited modification in the imprinting of the host genome.
2008
- Age-related toxic effects and recovery from okadaic acid treatment in Enchytraeus crypticus (Annelida: Oligochaeta)
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
The effects of 48 h okadaic acid (OA) treatment and the ability to recover the induced toxicological injuries were examined in Enchytraeus crypticus of different ages (25 days and 3 months). The results demonstrated that the older worms are more sensitive to the toxin and show less capacity to recover. After 48 h OA treatment, the structural organization of the chloragogenous tissue appeared modified and associated with an immune response involving a higher number of circulating coelomocytes immunoreactive to anti-IL-6 antibody. The toxin effects were more evident in 3-month-old animals compared to specimensaged 25 days. Regarding the morpho-functional recovery from the induced modifications, first signs of recuperation were observed in younger worms at 48 h, and recovery was almost complete within 1 week. In older animals, the morphology of thechloragogenous tissue had not been restored, while a reduction in coelomocyte number was found after 1 week.
2008
- Distribution of cells containing FMRFamide-related molecules in the embryonic development of Ophryotrocha labronica (Polychaeta: Dorvilleidae)
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella
abstract
The timing and spatial distribution of cells containing FMRFamide-related molecules in the embryogenesis of the polychaete Ophryotrocha labronica were studied immunocytochemically. FMRFamide-like molecules emerge early during embryonic development. They are found at the one-cell stage, are asymmetrically distributed in the first phases of cleavage, associated with gastrular movements, and label the central nervous system morphogenesis. Moreover, during embryogenesis, the pattern of gut cells with the FMRFamide-likephenotype that is present in adults is already established. The early occurrence of FMRFamide-like molecules in O. labronica suggests that these molecules are involved as pre-nervous growth signals in the regulation of basic neuronal cell behaviors.
2008
- The gonads of Zyginidia pullula males feminized by Wolbachia pipientis
[Articolo su rivista]
I., Negri; Franchini, Antonella; Mandrioli, Mauro; P. J., Mazzoglio; A., Alma
abstract
Zyginidia pullula (Boheman) (Hemiptera Cicadellidae) is a widespread central European leafhopper about 3 mm long. It is a multivoltine species, with a bisexual reproduction. Some females collected in Northern Italy, when mated with males, give origin toan exclusively female brood. These lineages are infected by Wolbachia pipientis (Rickettsiales), an α-proteobacterium known to induce several reproductive manipulations in its arthropod host. In Z. pullula, the infection by W. pipientis induces feminization of genetical males. These feminized males are characterised by intersexual phenotypes, i.e. they are females harbouring upper pygofer appendages, a typical male secondary sexual feature. In this study we report preliminary results on the ovary histological structure and the immunohistochemical localization of W. pipientis in the gonads of these aberrant females (intersexes).
2008
- Toxicological effects of marine palytoxin evaluated by FETAX assay
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Casarini, Livio; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
The FETAX (frog embryo teratogenesis assay Xenopus) is considered a useful bioassay to detect health hazard substances.In the study of the marine toxin palytoxin (PTX), FETAX has revealed evident impacts on embryo mortality, teratogenesisand growth at the two highest (370 and 37 nM) concentrationsused. Significant mortality rates, peaks in the number of malformed embryos and delays in growth were found, while the total sample number fell by about 80% at the end of the assay with the concentrated dose. The histological analysis to evaluatethe morpho-functional induced modifications demonstrateddamage to the nervous and muscle tissue, a general reductionin the size of the main inner visceral organs and severe injury to the heart structure in some specimens. No inflammatory response was observed.
2007
- Aging and IL-6 immunoreactivity changes in the polychaete Ophryotrocha labronica
[Abstract in Rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
The aging process is associated with dysregulation of the immune and inflammatory responses including modifications in the regulation and production of cytokines. IL-6 is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine thought to play a role in age physiology, even if its possible modulation by aging mechanisms has not been fully defined. The morpho-functional modifications and IL-6 immunoreactivity during the aging process in a simple invertebrate model, the polychaete Ophryotrocha labronica, are reported. The comparison between newly-hatched, juveniles (at 6-11 setigerous segments, max 2 weeks), young adult females (at 14 setigerous segments, about 3 weeks) and 3 month old females showed significant structural differences in the nervous and genital systems. A reduction in the nerve area with a substantial depletion in neurons of the central system was found. A decline in oocyte growth and maturation was observed at the gonad level, even if sexually mature O. labronica continued to produce egg mass until week 16 of their lives. The age induced morphological modifications were associated to a different distribution of IL6-like molecules, that were detected in the central nervous system. A decreased number of reactive nerve cells and in particular in the anterior region of the brain of aged O. labronica was observed.
2007
- Evaluation of the effects of the marine toxin okadaic acid by using FETAX assay
[Articolo su rivista]
Casarini, Livio; Franchini, Antonella; Malagoli, Davide; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
The Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay Xenopus (FETAX), is a screening assay using embryos at gastrula stage of the anuran Xenopus laevis to identify substances that may pose a developmental hazard in humans. The FETAX assay evaluates three parameters, i.e. mortality, delayed growth and embryo malformation. In the present investigation, the FETAX protocol was applied to the marine toxin okadaic acid (OA) and the experiments show that OA affects the above parameters in a dose-correlated manner. The morpho-functional modifications induced in embryo organs by OA were also studied. The nervous system, tail skeletal musculature, intestine and kidney appeared particularly damaged, with the former being the most sensitive. On the whole, various advantages emerge from using the FETAX assay: different parameters can be tested simultaneously, the indication of the presence of a potentially dangerous substance is rapid and the assay is a valid alternative to mammalian systems. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
2007
- IL-6 immunoreactivity changes during aging in the polychaete Ophryotrocha labronica (Polychaeta: Dorvilleidae)
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
IL-6 is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine thought to play a role in age physiology, even if its possible modulation by aging mechanisms has not been fully defined. In this paper, the morpho-functional modifications and IL-6 immunoreactivity during, aging in a simple invertebrate model, Ophryotrocha labronica, are reported. The comparison between newly-hatched, juveniles, young adult and 3-month-old females showed significant differences in the nervous and genital systems. There is evidence of nerve cell loss and a decline in oocyte growth and maturation at the gonad level. Immunohistochemistry reveals a different distribution of IL-6-like molecules, and a decreased number of reactive nerve cells in the central nervous system of aged O. labronica associated to the induced morphological modifications. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2006
- Cytokines and invertebrates: TGF-β and PDGF
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Malagoli, Davide; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
The review outlines the presence and function of TGF-beta and PDGF family members in invertebrates. TGF-beta and PDGF play an important role in development, in immune and neuroendocrine responses and in the wound repair by activating the classical transduction pathways. Generally speaking, these cytokines appear very early in evolution and conserve their functions.
2006
- The distribution of cells containing FMRFamide-related molecules in the embryonic development of Ophryotrocha labronica (Polychaeta: Dorvilleidae)
[Abstract in Atti di Convegno]
Franchini, Antonella; M., Marchetti
abstract
The neurotransmitters are considered to be involved in early developmental processes of both neural and non neural tissue in invertebrates and vertebrates. In this context the distribution of Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide)-like molecules were studied during Ophryotrocha labronica embryogenesis. This species is a small marine gonochoristic polychaete with a short direct development and characterized by several embryos at the same stage included in an egg mass. The FMRFamide-like molecules were first found at the one cell stage, in cleaving embryos mainly localized in specific blastomeres and in gastrular embryos. In early organ formation stage, the immunoreactivity occurred by the beginning of the central nervous system development and the first positive cell was located in an anterior area where the brain will differentiate. As embryogenesis proceeded, the organization of ventral segmental ganglia was marked by single reactive cells associated to positive processes. Immunoreactive cells were also found in digestive tract morphogenesis. Before hatching (6 days after fertilization), an higher number of positive nerve cells and fibres had been progressively added in embryo brain and the pattern of gut cells with FMRFamide-like phenotype had been established. The early presence from one cell stage and the distribution pattern of immunoreactive cells suggest that FMRFamide-related molecules may be acting as pre-nervous and growth regulatory signals in O. labronica embryogenesis.
2006
- The effects of okadaic acid on Enchytraeus crypticus (Annelida: Oligochaeta)
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Marchetti, Micol
abstract
We describe the morpho-functional effects of different concentrations of okadaic acid (OA) on specimens of Enchytraeus crypticus. The results demonstrate that this experimental model is very sensitive to the treatment and presents time- and dose-related effects mainly involving an immune response associated with a reaction in the chloragogenous tissue. At the lower dose (100 nM), the main organs do not appear particularly affected except for a swelling of the coelomatic cavity and an increased number of circulating coelomocytes. At the higher dose (200 nM), the chloragogenous tissue extends in volume to occupy the body cavity almost completely, while the circulating amoebocytes and chloragocytic cells undergo conformational changes. At the highest OA dose (400 nM), there is a general cell suffering in the main animal organs. In control animals, the immunocytochemical reaction with anti-IL-6 antibody is positive in neuron cell bodies and fibres from the ventral nerve cord and in circulating amoebocytes. Following OA treatment, fewer immunoreactive cells are seen in the damaged nervous tissue, and the high number of recruited amoebocytes is also positive.
2005
- Expression of the CCAAT-binding factor NF-Y in Caenorhabditis elegans
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Imbriano, Carol; Peruzzi, Elisa; R., Mantovani; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
NF-Y is a conserved trimer with histone-like subunits that binds and activates the common CCAAT promoter element. C. elegans NF-Y genes present two CeNF-YAs, a unique feature in kingdoms other than plants, one CeNF-YB and one CeNF-YC. The expression of both CeNF-YAs is restricted to the gonads and developing embryos, whereas the histone-like CeNF-YB- and CeNF-YC are also present in the pharyngeal bulb, in the neurons of ganglia surrounding the pharynx and in sensory organs of the head. Moreover, in infertile, 12-day-old worms, expression of the three subunits falls dramatically in the gonads. Our data indicate that NF-Y is not ubiquitously expressed.
2005
- Investigation of the loss of byssus in Mytilus galloprovincialis from mussel farms in the Adriatic Sea
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Malagoli, Davide; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
A fungal infection has been found in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from Adriatic Sea mussel farms. The infection ultimately results in the loss of the byssus, with serious consequences for mussel farming yield. The pathogen provokes the progressive destruction of the foot muscles, also damaging related structures such as the intra-organism part of the byssus apparatus, resulting in loss of the thread component. The affected health status of the animal is also sustained by modifications in the digestive gland structure, ranging from hyperactivity to extreme cell death in the tubula. At present, the identity of the harmful fungus is unknown.
2005
- Swiss mice CD1 fed on mussels contaminated by okadaic acid and yessotoxins: effects on thymus and spleen
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Marchesini, Erika; R., Polletti; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
The toxicity of okadaic acid (OA) and yessotoxins (YTXs) was studied in mice orally fed on (i) OA (17.80 +/- 2.41 mu g/kg) for 24 h and mouse feed for 24 h; (ii) CA (17.2 +/- 2.13 mu g/kg) plus YTXs (1.30 +/- 0.12 mg/kg)_for 24 h and mouse feed for 24 h; (iii) OA (18.88 +/- 1.86 Ig/kg) plus YTXs (1.45 +/- 0.12 mg/kg) for 24 h. After toxin treatments the thymus and spleen were examined. More severe morpho-functional modifications were found in the thymus, which presented atrophy, a significant depletion in the lymphoid compartment and angiogenesis. In spite of the impairment, a number of inflammatory cells, reactive to anti-cytokine antibodies, were recruited. Moreover, greater expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, particularly in cells located near new blood vessels, was observed. Thymus injury was still observed after 48 h. Histopathological changes to the spleen were more evident in mice orally treated for 24 h and immediately sacrificed. The organ showed a significant loss of volume and a fibrous component invaded regions involved in immune functions. In white pulp the marginal zones were reduced, lymphoid nodules contained large germinal centres and the periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths showed cellular depletion. An inflammatory cell response was activated by the recruitment of granulocytes, an increased number of active macrophages and increased immunoreactivity to cytokines. Unlike in the thymus, some evidence of recovery was seen in the spleen. The data suggest that low oral doses of OA alone or OA plus YTXs are able to provoke immunostimulation and systemic immunotoxicity, thus also indicative of tumorigenic properties.
2005
- The distribution of cells containing FMRFamide- and 5-HT-related molecules in the embryonic development of Viviparus ater (Mollusca, Gastropoda).
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella
abstract
The timing and spatial distribution of cells containing FMRFamide- and 5-HT-related molecules in the embryonic development of the mollusc Viviparus ater are examined using immunohistochemistry. FMRFamide-like molecules emerge in the early stage E8 (8% of embryonic development) before the 5-HT immunoreactivity, and they are not only found during nervous system ontogeny. As the parts of the digestive tract differentiated, the pattern of the diffuse gut endocrine cells, present in adults, start to be established (E20-E30), and both open and closed cell types are immunoreactive to anti-FMRFamide antibody. From their appearance (E20), cells with a 5-HT-like phenotype are distributed in the central nervous ganglia and progressively assembled during embryonic development. The early occurrence of both these molecules in V ater embryos reinforces the growing view that neurotransmitters play a regulatory role in embryogenic processes. In particular, the very early presence of FMRFamide-related factors suggests an involvement of these molecules in the regulation of basic, not only neuronal, cell behaviours, while 5-HT seems to be a more specific neural development signal.
2004
- Acute toxic effect of the algal yessotoxin on Purkinje cells from the cerebellum of Swiss CD1 mice
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Marchesini, Erika; R., Poletti; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
Swiss CDl mice died less than 2 h after intraperitoneal injection of 420 mug/kg of algal yessotoxin (YTX). The morphological, histochemical and immunocytochemical studies performed on the cerebellar cortex revealed damage to the Purkinje cells. The main cytological alterations were observed in the cytoplasm, while less sufferance was detected in the nucleus. The immunocytochemical experiments showed an increased positivity to S100 protein while there was a decreased response to calbindin D-28K, beta-tubulin and neurofilaments. These changes in intracellular Ca2+-binding proteins and the modifications in the cytoskeletal components of Purkinje cells suggest that YTX may be involved in neurological disorders.
2004
- Corticosterone 21-acetate in vivo induces acute stress in chicken thymus: cell proliferation, apoptosis and cytokine responses
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Marchesini, Erika; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
In vivo effects of acute stress induced by corticosterone 21-acetate in male Gallus domesticus thymus are studied and the steroid actions are evaluated in terms of cell proliferation, apoptosis and cytokine response in 10- and 21-day-old chickens. Steroid treatment induced thymocyte apoptosis and cell death decreased in the cortical-medullar direction and was more evident in younger animals. 24 h after treatment, the observed effect was reversed. The mitotic activity and thymic cells containing cytokine-like molecules were also affected. Indeed, the acute stress stimulated cytokine immunoreactivity to anti-IL-1alpha, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. antibodies both in epithelial cells and interdigitating cells located in medullar and cortical-medullar regions. The increased cytokine expression observed after 12 h was maintained after 24 h. The comparison between 10-and 21-day-old chickens showed a lower number of cells containing cytokine-like molecules in younger specimens. The present findings suggest that cytokines activated by acute stress in vivo could contribute to restoring immunological homeostasis and influence thymic glucocorticoid-mediated functions.
2004
- Invertebrate humoral factors: cytokines as mediators of cell survival
[Capitolo/Saggio]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Malagoli, Davide; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
The presence and the different functional aspects of cytokine-related molecules in invertebrates are described. Cytokine-like factors affect immune functions, such as cell motility, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and cytotoxicity. In particular, cell migration shows a species-specific effect for IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha and a dose-correlated effect for IL-8, PDGF-AB and TGF-beta1. Apart from some exceptions, the phagocytic effect increases significantly at all the concentrations tested and with all the species used. PDGF-AB, TGF-beta1 and IL-8 provoke conformational changes in mollusk immunocytes, involving the signaling transduction pathways of phosphatidylinositol and cAMP. PDGF-AB and TGF-beta1 partially inhibit the induced programmed cell death in an insect cell line, and the survival effect is mediated by the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PKA and PKC. The exogenous administration of these growth factors in an invertebrate wound repair model showed that they are able to control the wound environment and promote the repair process by accelerating the coordinated activities involved. Moreover, IL-1alpha, IL-2 and TNF-alpha are able to induce nitric oxide synthase. PDGF-AB and TGF-beta1 provoke an increase in neutral endopeptidase-24.11 (NEP)-like activity in membrane preparations from mollusk immunocytes, while NEP deactivates the PDGF-AB- and TGF-beta1-induced cell shape changes. Cytokines are also involved in invertebrate stress response in a manner extremely similar to that in vertebrates. Several studies suggest the existence on the mollusk immunocyte membrane of an ancestral receptor capable of binding both IL-2 and CRH. Furthermore, the competition found between CRH and a large number of cytokines supports the idea that invertebrate cytokine receptors show a certain degree of promiscuity. The multiple functions of cytokines detected in invertebrates underline another characteristic of mammalian cytokines, i.e. their great pleiotropicity. Altogether, the studies on the function of the invertebrate humoral factors show a close overlapping with those found in vertebrates, and the hypothesized missing correlation between invertebrate and vertebrate cytokine genes that is emerging from the limited molecular biology data present in literature might represent a very peculiar strategy followed by Nature in the evolution of cytokines.
2004
- Lethal and sub-lethal yessotoxin dose-induced morpho-functional alterations in intraperitoneal injected Swiss CD1 mice
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Marchesini, Erika; R., Poletti; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
Histological and immunocytochemical investigations were performed on different organs (brain, duodenum and thymus) of mice following lethal (420 mug/kg) or sublethal (10 mug/kg) intraperitoneal injection of yessotoxin (YTX). No morpho-functional modifications were observed in large neurons of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex with the sub-lethal dose, nor in the cerebral cortex with the lethal dose. The duodenum also did not show significant alterations. However, there was an inflammation response to the toxin, in which blood cells and cytokines were involved. This was more evident with the lethal YTX dose. The thymus and, in general, the immune system are the main targets of YTX at both the concentrations used. Furthermore, the alterations present in the thymus may support tumorigenic implications.
2004
- Presenza di molecole simili a FMRF-amide e 5-HT nello sviluppo embrionale del mollusco Viviparus ater
[Abstract in Atti di Convegno]
Franchini, Antonella; E., Peruzzi
abstract
La presenza e la distribuzione di molecole simili a FMRF-amide e 5-HT sono state esaminate immunocitochimicamente nel corso dell'embriogenesi del mollusco gasteropode Viviparus ater (specie gonocorica a sviluppo diretto). Dai risultati emerge che le molecole FMRF-amide- e 5-HT-simili compaiono a stadi di sviluppo e con pattern di distribuzione diversi. La presenza precoce del fenotipo FMRF-amide-simile suggerisce un coinvolgimento di tali molecole in funzioni cellulari di base dell'embriogenesi, mentre le molecole 5-HT-simili sembrano agire come segnali regolatori nello sviluppo neuronale.
2004
- Thymus response to algal yessotoxin.
[Abstract in Rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Marchesini, Erika; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
Mice thymus responses to algal yessotoxin (YTX)were examined by histochemical andimmunocytochemical procedures. Immunoreactivity fordifferent MW cytokeratins (CK) and for cytokines (IL-1a, IL-6, IL-8) was analyzed. Modifications ofparameters such as cell proliferation and cell deathwere also studied. Thymus from male swiss CD1 miceintraperitoneally injected with lethal (420 mg/kg) andnot-lethal (10 mg/kg) doses of YTX were examinedafter 2 and 24 hours, respectively. Histological studiesrevealed morphological modifications with both YTXdoses. Lethal treatment provoked changes in thecortex region that appeared less compact with lightareas containing a reduced number of thymocytes andlarge pale epithelial cells. An increased number ofmitotic as well as apoptotic phenotypes was alsoobserved. More severe damages were observed withthe lower YTX dose and after 24 h of treatment.Indeed, an increased number of apoptotic cells wasobserved mainly in cortico-medullary junction and inmedulla. Groups of flattened medullary epithelial cellsformed single or clustered round structures thatresembled Hassall’s corpuscles and containedheterogeneous secretory material and necrotic nuclei.The medullary epithelial cells were the most affectedcell population. These cells were arranged in a regularreticulum of stellate cells immunoreactive (ir) to highMW CKs, whereas after YTX treatment some cellsdecreased their ir and some others withdrewcytoplasmic projections modifying to strongly ir roundcells. The core of the newly formed medullarystructures and true Hassall’s corpuscles was alsostrongly ir to higher MW CKs. With regard to cytokineresponse, changes were observed in bothexperimental treatments in comparison to controls. Anhigher number of cells ir to IL-6 located at the corticomedullaryjunction and medulla was found, and theywere mostly dendritic cells, while IL-1 a and IL-8 ircells, observed in the cortex, decreased. The presentfindings, in disagreement with others reportinglittle or no toxic effects, indicate that YTXprovokes severe morphofunctional damage tothymic microenvironment.
2003
- Human placenta and fetal membranes express follistatin-related gene mRNA and protein
[Articolo su rivista]
P., Ciarmela; P., Florio; P., Toti; Franchini, Antonella; V., Maguer Satta; C., Ginanneschi; Ottaviani, Enzo; F., Petraglia
abstract
Activin A is a placental glycoprotein and possible biological actions during pregnancy, suggested by experimental data, are the modulation of cytotrophoblast differentiation, placental hormonogenesis and uterotonins secretion. Follistatin-related gene (FLRG) is a 70 amino acids protein which binds activin A with high affinity, and which modulates its biological effects on target tissues by preventing the activin A interaction with its receptors. The present study investigated whether trophoblast, decidua and fetal membranes express FLRG mRNA (by RT-PCR) and peptide (by immunohistochemistry). Tissue specimens were collected at first and third trimester of pregnancy, from patients undergoing voluntary pregnancy interruption (no.=6; from 8 to 12 gestational weeks) and elective caesarean section at term (no.=6; 39-40 weeks of pregnancy). FLRG mRNA was expressed by the various gestational tissues both at early gestation and at term pregnancy. Immunoreactive protein was found in the trophoblast cells, epithelial amniotic and chorionic cells and maternal decidua; nevertheless, the most intense FLRG stain was detected in the walls of decidual and placental blood vessels. In conclusion, FLRG mRNA and peptide are expressed by placenta and fetal membranes. Its different immunolocalization with respect to follistatin and activin A supports a different role for FLRG in modulating activin A actions into gestational tissues.
2003
- Immunolocalization of yessotoxins in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; A., Milandri; R., Poletti; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
This study reports, for the first time, immunocytochemical evidence of the distribution of algal yessotoxins (YTXs) in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Immunopositivity to YTXs was found in immunocytes and in the digestive gland. With regards the gland, the positivity was mainly present in the lumen of both tubules and ducts. No YTXs were detected in the gonads, while the presence of toxins in the gills cannot be excluded. The data are supported by both HPLC analysis and functional assays. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
2003
- Morphochemical age-related changes in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: immunoperoxidase localization of cytokine- and growth factor-like molecules
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; E., Peruzzi; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
Morphochemical age-related features in the hermaphrodite Caenorhabditis elegans are reported. The study of worms of different ages shows a gradual decline in response to the various histochemical reactions and a disorganization of the components of the gonad during ageing. Using an immunocytochemical procedure, we show for the first time the presence of immunoreactive IL-1alpha and PDGF-AB molecules in neurons from young adult C. elegans. Moreover, TNF-alpha- and PDGF-AB-like molecules are also present in the secretory cells of the pharyngeal terminal bulb. The number of positive cells to anti-cytokine and anti-growth factor antibodies decreases in older worms, suggesting that these molecules may play an important role in worm ageing. The present investigation therefore supports the findings in the literature obtained with different approaches on the crucial role of the nervous and reproductive systems in the life span of C. elegans.
2003
- Presence of TGF-beta-like molecules in the embryonic development of the mollusc Viviparus ater
[Abstract in Atti di Convegno]
Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
The expression of TGF-b1- and TGF-b type II receptor-like molecules was examined by immunocytochemistry in the course of the embryonic development of the gonochoristic gastropod Viviparus ater. This species has a direct development that occurs in the lower part of the oviduct; the progeny leaves the parent as juvenile snails. Embryo stages, based on major diameter size, were expressed as a percentage of total embryonic development (E0 = fertilized egg; E100 = hatching). TGF-b1- and TGF-b type II receptor-like molecules were detected early at E10 (10% of embryonic development), in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane of large mesenchymal storage cells that surrounded the forming tissue and organs. The immunoreactivity (IR) was observed during further development in cells of the organizing central nervous ganglia, sense organs, heart, foot, mantle and in hemocytes of hematic lacunae present in developing organs. In embryos from 50% development to hatching the IR increased in central nervous system, heart, sense organs and gills. The distrubution pattern of immunoreactive cells suggest a role of TGF-b1-like molecules in the embryonic microenvironment of the mollusc. These molecules appeared early, seem to act in a paracrine and autocrine manner and to be involved in organ pattern formation. In more advanced stages these molecules may act in tissue re-organization and growth of organs as the developmental consequence of gastropod torsion in order to shape the embryo and adult body plans.
2002
- Amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel subunits are expressed in human and mussel immunocytes
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Mandrioli, Mauro; A., Saxena; A., Hanukoglu; I., Hanukoglu
abstract
In this study, we examined the expression of epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) subunits in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, human lymph nodes and molluscan immunocytes using non-radioactive in situ hybridization. The results showed that T lymphocytes express the ENaC gamma subunit mRNA, and B lymphocytes the ENaC beta subunit mRNA. Yet, the alpha subunit mRNA was not detected in either cell type. In molluscan immunocytes, all three homologous ENaC subunit mRNAs are present. and these data were also confirmed by RT-PCR and sequencing of the PCR products. These findings show evolutionary conservation of the expression of ENaC subunits in immunocytes of invertebrates to vertebrates. The observed differential expression patterns of ENaC subunits suggest that ENaC function may be regulated differentially in different types of human lymphocytes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
2002
- Immunocytochemical increased evidence of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and adrenocorticotropic hormone in human peritumoral lymph nodes
[Articolo su rivista]
Rossi, Aldo; Landolfo, G; Sassi, D; Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
In the current study, mesenteric and peritumoral lymph nodes Surgically removed from patients with colon-rectum cancer were Studied. Morphologic and immunocytochemical investigations demonstrated that mesenteric (control) and peritumoral lymph nodes of a same patient showed the same morphologic structure. but a different immunocytochemical pattern. Indeed, an increased immunoreactivity to anti-inducible nitric oxide synthase, anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and anti-adrenocorticotropic hormone antibodies in the lymphatic tissue of peritumoral lymph nodes compared with mesenteric lymph nodes was observed. These findings suggest that in colon-rectum cancer, the pathologic event induces an increased expression of the molecules involved in the processes of inflammation and carcinogenesis that occurs earlier than the appearance of morphologic modifications.
2002
- Role of TGF-b1-like factors in the embryonic development of the mollusc Viviparus ater.
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella
abstract
The embryonic development of the mollusc Viviparus ater is examined by histological and histochemical procedures as well as by ontogeny of the expression of TGF-b1- and TGF-b type II receptor-like molecules. Developmental stages with different morphological patterns were found and they show specific spatial distributions of molecules immunoreactive to anti-TGF-b1 and -TGF-b-receptor antibodies. These molecules are present early during development. They were detected at stage E10 (10% of embryonic development), remained present during further development and in the most advanced stages. These findings support a role for TGF-b1-related factors in pattern formation and the growth of various organs in V. ater.
2001
- Morula cells as the major immunomodulatory hemocytes in ascidians: evidences from the colonial species Botryllus schlosseri
[Articolo su rivista]
L., Ballarin; Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo; A., Sabbadin
abstract
Immunocytochemical methods were used to study the presence and distribution of IL-1-alpha- and TNF-alpha -like molecules in the hemocytes of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Only a few unstimulated hemocytes were positive to both the antibodies used. When the hemocytes were stimulated with either mannan or phorbol 12-mono-myristate, the phagocytes were not significantly changed in their number, staining intensity, or cell morphology. In contrast, stimulated morula cells were intensely labeled, indicating that these cells play an important immunomodulatory role.
2001
- Nitric oxide induces apoptosis in the fat body cell line IPLB-LdFB from the insect Lymantria dispar
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; D., Barbieri; Malagoli, Davide; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
The presence of immunoreactive inducible nitric oxide synthase molecules (ir-iNOS) is demonstrated in the Lymantria dispar IPLB-LdFB cell lint. The maximum ir-iNOS inducibility is observed 18 h after incubation with sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The increase in NO provoked by SNP in turn induces apoptosis. However, this phenomenon is observed only after 48 h. The NOS-inhibitors N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and N-[3-(aminomethyl)-benzyl]acetamide (1400W) were both unable to block the SNP-induced apoptosis at all the concentrations used. Incubation with SNP plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) further augmented the percentage of cell death with respect to SNP used alone, and this process is seen earlier, i.e. after 24 h. Moreover, the induction of apoptosis in the presence of NAC is time- and concentration-dependent. The high percentage of cell death with SNP + NAC suggests that NAC forms S-nitrosothiols with NO, resulting in an increase in the bioavailability of NO. In conclusion, these findings show the existence of a close relationship between mammalian and invertebrate cells with regards to SNP and NAC induction and the related NO response. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
2001
- Platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-β in invertebrate immune and neuroendocrine interactions: Another sign of conservation in evolution
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; D., Kletsas
abstract
Growth factor-like molecules have been found in various invertebrate species. In particular, we have reported the presence of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta )1 immunoreactive molecules in molluscs, insects and annelids. Moreover, PDGF-AB and TGF-beta1 affect the main immune functions, such as phagocytosis, chemotaxis and cell motility. Changes in cell shape are induced via interactions of growth factors with their respective specific receptors. The extracellular signals are transduced by the activation of classical signal transduction pathways, such as those involving PKA and PKC, and pivotal transcription regulators, i.e. the Fos, Jun and SMAD proteins. The two growth factors intervene in stress responses by activating the CRH-ACTH-biogenic amine axis. Exogenous administration of PDGF-AB and TGF-PI in a molluscan wound provokes an accelerated migration of immunocytes and fibroblasts to the injured area, stimulating granulation tissue formation and wound re-epithelialization. These findings suggest that these molecules are ancestral and that their function is well conserved and crucial in the maintenance of invertebrate homeostasis. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
2000
- Human placenta, chorion, amnion and decidua express different variants of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor messenger RNA
[Articolo su rivista]
P., Florio; Franchini, Antonella; Fm, Reis; I., Pezzani; Ottaviani, Enzo; F., Petraglia
abstract
Human placenta is a major source of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and local effects of CRF in fetal membranes and placenta have been shown, i.e., adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and oxytocin release from cultured placental cells, as well as prostaglandin release from amnion, chorion and decidua. Two distinct CRF receptors (CRF-R1 and CRF-R2) have been characterized: CRF-R1 consists of two isoforms (CRF-R1 alpha and CRF-RIP) while CRF-R2 has at least three different splice variants (CRF-R2 alpha, CRF-R2 beta and CRF-R2 gamma). To date, CRF-R1 receptor has been identified in human placenta and in pregnant myometrium, while no evidence for placental CRF-R2 receptor isoforms has been provided. The present study investigated whether the different isoforms of CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 receptor mRNA are expressed in fetal membranes and placenta. Tissues were collected after spontaneous vaginal delivery (38-40 weeks) or elective caesarean section (39-41 weeks). The gene expression of CRF receptors was first studied by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the presence of CRF-R1 alpha, but not of CRF-R1 beta, in human placental trophoblast, amnion/chorion and decidua was shown. In addition, among the three CRF-R2 splice variants, only CRF-R2 beta mRNA was expressed by trophoblast and fetal membranes. By using in situ hybridization, CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 probes positively hybridized trophoblast and related membranes. CRF-R1 was localized in the syncytiotrophoblast cells, chorionic trophoblast and decidua with a small amount in the amnion. CRF-R2 probe mainly hybridized syncytiotrophoblast cells, but cytotrophoblast also contained discreet amounts of CRF-R2 mRNA signal. The CRF-R2 hybridization signal was also observed within the structure of the villi (blood vessels), chorionic trophoblast and decidual cells, but it was faint or absent in the amniotic epithelium. There was no significant difference in the distribution of CRF-R1 or CRF-R2 mRNA signal between placentas collected from vaginal delivery or caesarean section. The evidence that intrauterine tissues differently express CRF-R1 alpha and CRF-R2 beta supports possible different local roles of CRP and related peptides into intrauterine tissues during pregnancy.
2000
- Immunomodulation by recombinant human interleukin-8 and its signal transduction pathways in invertebrate hemocytes
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Malagoli, Davide; Genedani, Susanna
abstract
We report the presence of interleukin (IL)-8-immunoreactive molecules in hemocytes from the mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis. Functional studies demonstrate that recombinant human (rh)IL-8 provokes conformational changes, induces chemotaxis, and increases bacterial phagocytic activity in hemocytes. rhIL-8 induces cell shape changes via protein kinase A and C pathways. These morphological changes are followed by reorganization of the actin microfilaments. The findings suggest that, as previously reported for other cytokines, IL-8 is well conserved and deeply involved in immune functions from invertebrates to mammals.
2000
- PDGF and TGF-beta partially prevent 2-deoxy-D-ribose-induced apoptosis in the fat body cell line IPLB-LdFB from the insect Lymantria dispar
[Articolo su rivista]
OTTAVIANI, Enzo; D., Barbieri; FRANCHINI, Antonella; D., Kletsas
abstract
The IPLB-LdFB cell line from the fat body of the insect Lymantria dispar shows the presence of immunoreactive, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 molecules, as well as the corresponding plasma membrane-like receptors, i.e. PDGFR-alpha, PDGFR-beta and TGFR-beta type II. Cytofluorimetric and morphological studies reveal that the reducing sugar 2-deoxy-D-ribose (dRib), an apoptotic agent for human cells, induces apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner even in IPLB-LdFB cells. PDGF-AB and TGF-beta 1 partially counteract the effect of dRib, indicating a survival role of these factors in this apoptotic model of insect cells. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
2000
- Repair ofmolluscan tissue injury: Role of PDGF and TGF-β
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
In: Tissue and cell.Various cellular and humoral activities of the wound repair process and the effects of PDGF-AB and TGF-β1 on tissue repair mechanisms in the mollusc Limax maximus are studied by histological and immunocytochemical procedures. Histological examination at different times after the wound production demonstrates that tissue repair is the result of successive and related activities distinguishable by different morphological pictures. In the first hours, an infiltration phase is activated 24 h after the incision, hemocytes stratify at wound margins and actively phagocitize cell debris and damaged tissue in the surrounding area. Moreover, the cells are immunoreactive to anti-IL–1α, IL–8 and TNF–α antibodies. After 24–72 h, granulation tissue rich in small blood lacunae is formed and the provisional matrix is synthesized and deposited on the base of the new tissue. In histological sections 72 h after injury, the incision is filled with granulation tissue, and at the wound base, a layer of fibrous connective tissue is formed. Hemocytes present in the newly formed blood lacunae and fibroblasts are involved in the synthesis and deposit of extracellular matrix components, i.e. fibronectin, reticular and collagen fibres. Ninety-six h after wound production, the repair process continues and the granulation tissue is more developed. At 192 h, re-epithelialization begins, and this is more evident in the histological sections after 14 days. Hemocytes are immunoreactive to the cytokines at all the times examined. Exogenous administration of PDGF–AB and TGF–β1 stimulates the tissue healing process through a general acceleration of the activities involved. A larger closing area of clumped hemocytes and a smaller damaged tissue area are observed 24 h after treatment of the wound. At 72 h, the granulation tissue is more developed and more extracellular matrix components are deposited than in the control incision. A larger number of cells express cytokine-like molecules, and re-epithelialization of the wound is accelerated, as 14 days after growth factor treatments almost all the wound area is covered by a layer of cubic epithelial cells, and the alcianophilic cell coat is restored. No differences in the responses of the two growth factors are observed.
2000
- Synergistic role of cAMP and IP3 in corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced cell shape changes in invertebrate immunocytes
[Articolo su rivista]
Malagoli, Davide; Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
Immunocytes from the mollusc galloprovincialis express corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor subtype (CRH-R1 and CRH-R2)-like mRNAs. Using computer-assisted microscopic image analysis, we have found that exogenous CRH provokes changes in the cellular shape of immunocytes, and that this response is extracellular Ca2+-dependent. The various inhibitors of transduction signaling pathways, i.e. suramin sodium, 2',5' -dideoxyadenosine: neomycin sulfate, calphostin C, H-89, and wortmannin, completely or partially inhibit these changes. The present findings demonstrate that PKA, PKC, and PKB/Akt are involved in CRH-induced cell shape changes in immunocytes, and that the cellular effect of CRH needs the synergistic action of the two second messengers, cAMP and IP3. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
1999
- ACTH and its role in immune-neuroendocrine functions. A comparative study
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Genedani, Susanna
abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) belongs to the melanocortine group of related peptides which share a common precursor, the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Melanocortin expresses its functional effects by the stimulation of specific G-protein coupled receptors, To date, five receptor subtypes have been cloned. The POMC gene has been highly conserved during evolution, and ACTH has been found in different cells from invertebrates to vertebrates to vertebrates, including man. With regards the immune system, the presence of melanocortin receptors and the production of ACTH have been reported in invertebrate and vertebrate immune-competent cells. Among its various physiological effects, ATCH has been shown to play a central role in immmune responses, such as chemotaxis and phagocytosis, in lower and higher forms of life. Moreover, ACTH is a key actor in stress response, and the complex cascade of events observed in vertebrates is reproduced and concentrated in intvertebrate immunocytes. On the basis of the present findings, ACTH should be considered an important immunoregulator, forming part of the complex mosaic of relationships between the immune and neuroendocrine system which appears to have been substantially maintained over the course of evolution.
1999
- Detection of casein fragments in an invertebrate and in an vertebrate using in situ hybridization.
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Prinzenberg, Em; Erhardt, G; Jolles, P.
abstract
Using a non-radioactive in situ hybridization procedure it has been demonstrated that both invertebrates such as the mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis and lower vertebrates such as the fish Cyprinus carpio express bovine alphaS1- and kappa-casein homologous mRNAs. In particular, positive results were found in molluscan immunocytes, and in cells located in different fish tissues: intestine, endocrine pancreas and kidney. These findings suggest that the casein genes are highly conserved throughout evolution.
1999
- Gill endocrine cells in the goldfish Carassius carassius var. auratus and their impairment following experimental lead intoxication
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; B., Rebecchi; Amb, Fantin
abstract
The presence of endocrine cells in the gills of the goldfish Carassius carassius and the effects of lead intoxication (5 mg l(-1)) on their relative abundance and secretory activity were studied. Endocrine cells synthesizing peptido-like (met and leu-enkephalin and neuropeptide Y) and serotonin-like substances were detected in gill filaments by immunocytochemical procedures. Decreased immunoreactivity for two enkephalins and neuropeptide Y was observed after 48 and 96 h lead exposure. In contrast, increased serotonin immunoreactivity was evident after a one-week treatment. A search for Ca++-binding proteins was also carried out by immunocytochemical methods. Calbindin D-28K and S-100-like molecules were detected in gill epithelium, and their expression appeared enhanced after lead exposure.
1999
- Immunoreactive POMC-derived peptides and cytokines in the chicken thymus and bursa of fabricius microenvironments: Age-related changes
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
Changes from hatching to the involutive stage in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius of Gallus domesticus were studied. Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides and cytokines were also tested by immunocytochemical procedures. Thymic histological modifications appeared at 3 months and involved an increase in connectival argyrophilic reticular fibres, a proliferation of non-epithelial cells in the reticulum network, the presence of mucous cells and small mucous cysts, and an increase in the number of eosinophilic and myoid cells. A clear distinction between the cortex and the medulla was lost. Immunoreactive POMC-related molecules and cytokines were demonstrated in thymic cells from 4-day-old chicken, and their number increased with ageing. These molecules were expressed in a few single epithelial cells and in interdigitating cells. With ageing, the number of immunoreactive interdigitating cells also increased, and these appeared in an activated phase. Histological modifications in the bursa of Fabricius appeared at 2 months and concerned a folding of the interfollicular surface epithelium covering the bursal plicae and a reduction in lymphoid follicle-associated epithelium. Fibrous tissue gradually increased, and large mucoid cysts were evident. The expression of POMC-derived peptide-and cytokine-like molecules differed during the development and involution phases of the organ. Cells of follicle associated epithelium and dendritic reticular cells of lymphoid follicles were immunoreactive to beta-endorphin between 4 days and 2 months, while ACTH-, alpha-MSH- and cytokine-like molecules were observed in follicles after 2 months. The findings indicate a physiological role of these molecules during the growth and involution of the two organs.
1999
- Presence of IL-1-and TNF-like molecules in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) haemocytes and in an insect cell line from Estigmene acraea (Lepidoptera)
[Articolo su rivista]
D., Wittwer; Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo; A., Wiesner
abstract
In this study the authors give immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of interleukin (IL)-1 alpha- and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha-like molecules in the haemocytes of last instar larvae from the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella, Similar results are demonstrated in a continuous haemocyte line (BTI-EA-1174-A) from the salt marsh caterpillar Estigmene acraea. In Galleria mellonella larvae granular cells show a strong positive reaction with both primary antibodies, whereas plasmatocytes are stained to a lesser extent. Cell line haemocytes also react positively with both antibodies. After activating the cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) staining of Estigmene acraea cells is decreased, whereas Galleria mellonella haemocytes show no visible reaction in comparison to non-activated cells.
1998
- Comparative and morphofunctional studies on Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocytes: presence of two aging-related hemocyte stages
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; A., Franchini; D., Barbieri; D., Kletsas
abstract
Morphological and functional studies were performed on hemocytes from young and adult Mytilus galloprovincialis. The results obtained suggest that only one cell type in two different stages, young or old, is present, consistently with the Mix's one-cell-type model. However, both young and old hemocytes appear capable of carrying out similar functions and express common signal molecules; thus, their differences in cytology and number appear to be due to cellular aging.
1998
- Glycoconjugate and adhesion molecule changes during the cell cycle in a human embryonic epithelial cell line
[Articolo su rivista]
Fantin, Anna Maria; Franchini, Antonella; Malgara, R; Rebecchi, Barbara; Conti, Amf
abstract
The changes in the expression of glycoconjugates and adhesion molecules were studied by selective lectin binding and immunocytochemical reactions in a human embryonic epithelial cell line (EUE cells), synchronized in the cell cycle phases. The results can be summarized as follows: most of the tested lectins display a more diffuse binding for the cytoplasm in G(1) than S and G(2) phases; in the S and particularly in G(2) phases the cytoplasm glycoconjugates are rearranged around the nucleus; cells in mitosis always show a strong binding towards all tested lectins. Cellular fibronectin and its receptor beta(1) integrin are well expressed in G(1), but the strongest reaction is observed in the S phase. The immunoreactions for laminin and uvomorulin (L-CAM) are poorly positive in all cell cycle phases. The immunocytochemical reaction for heparan sulfate is positive, with a stronger reaction in S and G(2) than in G(1); on the contrary a diffuse staining with the anti-dermatan sulfate proteoglycan antibody appears unchanged during the cell cycle. (
1998
- In situ localization of ACTH receptor-like mRNA in molluscan and human immunocytes
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; I., Hanukoglu; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) receptor-like messenger RNA was localized in molluscan hemocytes and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by in situ hybridization using a digoxigenin-labelled bovine complementary DNA probe. These findings suggest that the ACTH receptor gene has been highly conserved during evolution. Moreover, these data represent further support for a relationship between the immune and neuroendocrine systems in invertebrates, as documented in our previous studies [1].
1998
- PDGF and TGF-beta induce cell shape changes in invertebrate immunocytes via specific cell surface receptors
[Articolo su rivista]
Kletsas, D; Sassi, D; Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
The presence of PDGF receptor-alpha- and -beta- and TGF-beta-receptor (type II)-like molecules on the plasma membranes of the immunocytes of the mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis was demonstrated by an immunocytochemical procedure. Furthermore, the present study provides evidence that PDGF-AB and TGF-beta 1 provoke cell shape changes in immunocytes via interactions with the respective receptors and that these extracellular signals are transduced along the phosphoinositide signaling pathway.
1998
- Presence of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone and cortisol molecules in invertebrate haemocytes and lower and higher vertebrate thymus
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; C., Franceschi; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone-and cortisol-like molecules are present in the haemocytes of different molluscan species and in the epithelial cells, interdigitating cells and macrophages - but not in the lymphocytes - of fish, frog, chicken and rat thymus. Taking into account the fact that other pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides, such as adrenocorticotropin hormone, are present in the haemocytes and thymus of the same species, these results complete the list of stress mediators present in molluscan haemocytes and further support the hypothesis that, although the prototype stress response we have demonstrated in invertebrates is concentrated in a single cell, i.e. the haemocyte, it is similar to the response seen in vertebrates. Moreover, the data presented here are compatible with the hypothesis that an evolutionary, conserved stress response can occur locally with a single organ, e.g. the thymus, in which all the main mediators of this biological response, such as corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropin hormone and glucocorticoids, are present. The implications of these findings for the physiology of thymus and stress response may be far reaching.
1998
- Secretion of apoB- and apoA-I-containing lipoproteins by chick kidney
[Articolo su rivista]
Tarugi, Patrizia Maria; G., Ballarini; B., Pinotti; Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo; CALANDRA BUONAURA, Sebastiano
abstract
Previous studies showed that chick kidney is a site of synthesis of apolipoprotein (ape) B(B-100) and A-I. Aims of the present study were: a) to compare apoB and apoA-I production in chick kidney and liver; b) to investigate whether kidney apolipoproteins were secreted as constituents of lipoproteins; and c) to define the cellular sites of renal apolipoprotein synthesis. Kidney and liver slices taken from the same animals were incubated with S-35-labeled amino acids and radioactive apoB and apoA-I were immunoprecipitated from cell homogenate and incubation medium. The percentage of total protein radioactivity incorporated into cell plus medium apoB and apoA-I was 0.23 +/- 0.08 and 0.19 +/- 0.11 in kidney and 0.38 +/- 0.05 and 0.38 +/- 0.07 in liver, respectively (P < 0.05 kidney vs. liver). S-35-labeled medium lipoproteins were separated by density gradient ultracentrifugation and three major classes corresponding to VLDL + IDL, LDL, and HDL were identified. Most of the apoB secreted by the liver was found in VLDL, IDL, and LDL whereas kidney apoB was found in VLDL, LDL and light HDL (d 1.070-1.130 g/ml). In both hepatic and renal lipoproteins apoA-I was found not only in HDL but also in the other lipoproteins. Immunohistochemical analysis of kidney sections showed that apoB and apoA-I were present almost exclusively in the epithelial cells of proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Thus apoB and apoA-I synthesized by the epithelial cells of the proximal and dis tal convoluted tubules of chick kidneys are secreted as constituents of lipoprotein particles floating within the density range of plasma lipoproteins. These observations suggest that in the chick, the kidneys may contribute to the plasma lipoprotein pool.
1997
- Evolution of neuroendocrine thymus: Studies on POMC-derived peptides, cytokines and apoptosis in lower and higher vertebrates
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Franceschi, C.
abstract
In previous papers, we showed that neuroendocrine cells reactive to anti-POMC-derived peptides and cytokines are present in the thymus of a fish and an anuran amphibian. Here we report that this phenomenon is general, as neuroendocrine cells positive to anti-POMC-derived peptides (ACTH, beta-endorphin, alpha-MSH) and cytokines (IL-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha) are also present in the thymus of chicken and rat. However, the number and the intrathymic localization and distribution of these cells varies in the different species examined. An analysis of apoptotic cells or cells involved in apoptosis, such as interdigitating cells and macrophages, in fish, frog, chicken and rat thymus, using an immunocytochemical method and anti-DNA mAb conjugated with peroxidase (anti-DNA-POD), showed that cell positive to anti-DNA-POD mAb are present in the same thymic areas in which POMC-derived peptides and cytokines were found. In conclusion, these data on apoptotic cells in the thymus of lower and higher vertebrates are compatible with the hypothesis that neuroendocrine cells might play a role in the selection and apoptosis of thymic lymphocytes, a phenomenon which could vary slightly in different species and taxa.
1997
- Pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides, cytokines, and nitric oxide in immune responses and stress: an evolutionary approach.
[Capitolo/Saggio]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; C., Franceschi
abstract
In vertebrates, including man, the study of stress has contributed substantially to unravelling the complex relationship between immune-neuroendocrine interactions and the systems involved. On the basis of data on the presence and distribution of the main actors (POMC products, cytokines, biogenic amines, and steroid hormones) in different species and taxa from invertebrates to vertebrates, we argue that these responses have been deeply connected and interrelated since the beginning of life. Moreover, the study of nitric oxide suggests that the inflammatory reaction is located precisely between the immune and stress responses, sharing the same fundamental evolutionary roots. The major argument in favor of this hypothesis is that the immune, stress, and inflammation responses appear to be mediated by a common pool of molecules that have been conserved throughout evolution and that from a network of adaptive mechanisms. One cell type, the macrophage, appears to emerge as that most capable of supporting this network critical for survival; it was probably a major target of selective pressure. All these data fit the unitarian hypothesis we propose, by which evolution favors what has been conserved, rather than what has changed, as far as both molecules and functions are concerned.
1996
- Immunocytochemical evidence of PDGF- and TGF-beta-like molecules in invertebrate and vertebrate immunocytes: An evolutionary approach
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Kletsas, D; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
Immunoreactive platelet-derived growth factor-AB and transforming growth factor-beta 1 were demonstrated in invertebrate and vertebrate immunocytes by an immunocytochemical procedure. These factors are only present in phagocytic cells among invertebrate immunocytes, whereas in vertebrate immunocytes they are found in monocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes and platelets. These results, in agreement with previous reports, represent further evidence in favour of the hypothesis that Nature has followed a conservative strategy in using a common pool of signal molecules that have been highly conserved throughout evolution.
1996
- Induction of ACTH- and TNF-alpha-like molecules in the hemocytes of Calliphora vomitoria (Insecta, Diptera)
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Miyan, Ja; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
Three basic cell types are described in the hemolymph of newly eclosed adult Calliphora vomitoria: prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, and granular cells. In addition, anucleate cellular fragments with some inclusions are observed, Cell division is found only in the prohemocytes, Plasmatocytes and granular cells are capable of in vitro bacterial phagocytosis and take part in capsule formation. Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)-like molecules are found in both cell types. The staining of the plasmatocytes is related to the functional activation of the cells. Indeed, positive staining is only observed during capsule formation, suggesting an induction of ACTH expression, The behaviour of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-like molecules is similar, In conclusion, these data provide further support for the close, evolutionary relationship between the immune and the neuroendocrine systems.
1996
- Presence and role of cytokines and growth factors in invertebrates
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Kletsas, D; Franceschi, C.
abstract
Available data from our and other laboratories on the presence and biological functions of cytokine- and growth factor-like molecules in invertebrates are reviewed. It appears that IL-1 alpha-, IL-1 beta-, IL-2-, IL-6-, TNF-alpha-like molecules and haemokinin are present in several cell types from molluscs, insects, annelids, echinodems and tunicates. In most cases, these molecules are present in cells with phagocytic activity and they modulate cell motility. PDGF-, TGF-beta-, EGF- and NGF-like molecules, growth promoting factors and the hemolymph trophic factor are present in several cell types from molluscs, insects and annelids. These molecules are probably involved in the control of cell proliferation. Both cytokines and growth factors appear to be highly ancestral and biologically very important molecules, as evident from their continuous presence from invertebrates to vertebrates. It also appears that cytokines are functionally conserved molecules, which during evolution have also maintained their pleiotropicity, redundancy in mode of action and the promiscuity of their receptors.
1996
- Presence of casein immunoreactive epitopes in molluscs, fish and frog.
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Fiat, A. M.; P., Jollès; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
The presence of a group of peptides derived from milk proteins (caseins) was examined by immunocytochemistry in various tissues from invertebrates and lower vertebrates. Phagocytic hemocytes from different species of molluscs, and cells located in the intestine wall or in related glands of invertebrates and lower vertebrates showed immunoreactivity to antibodies to whole casein and related fragments. Several functional tests (cell migration, inhibition test, phagocytosis) using these peptides were performed on the mollusc hemocytes. Only ovine caseinoglycopeptide was able to increase the phagocytic activity of the hemocytes towards bacteria.
1996
- The digestive gland of Viviparus ater (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Prosobranchia): An ultrastructural and histochemical study
[Articolo su rivista]
Rebecchi, Barbara; Franchini, Antonella; Fantin, Amb
abstract
The digestive gland of Viviparus ater was studied using histochemical and ultrastructural methods. Only one cell type was observed in the tubule epithelium of the gland. The cells are involved in an endocytotic process mediated by clathrin-coated vesicles and in the intracellular digestion of food materials (thus they can be regarded as digestive cells). The different stages of digestion and exocytotic extrusion of residual bodies into the tubule lumen were shown by electron microscopy. Very few, small myocytes are scattered among the digestive cells. Calcium concretions, glycogen-containing cells and endocrine cells are scattered in the area of connective tissue present among the digestive tubules.
1995
- ANTAGONIZING EFFECT OF MORPHINE ON THE MOBILITY AND PHAGOCYTIC-ACTIVITY OF INVERTEBRATE IMMUNOCYTES
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Sonetti, Dario; Stefano, Gb
abstract
In the present study we have demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) acts as an activator in the immunocytes of molluscs Planorbarius corneus, Mytilus edulis, and the insect Leucophaea maderae. This stimulatory effect, demonstrated by cellular conformational changes, is concentration- and time-dependent, and is antagonized by morphine. The inhibitory effect of morphine carl be counteracted by naloxone. Morphine inhibitory action on immunocyte activity is also demonstrated by a decrease in the phagacytic activity. These data suggest that the downregulation of morphine is not limited to vertebrates but is also present in invertebrates.
1995
- CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR AND ACTH-RELATED FRAGMENTS MODULATE THE PHAGOCYTIC-ACTIVITY OF HUMAN MONOCYTES
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Franceschi, C.
abstract
The effect of CRF and some ACTH fragments on the bacterial phagocytic activity of human monocytes was studied. The findings show that an immunomodulating effect on the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus is exerted not only by a relatively large fragment, such as ACTH(1-24), but also by a small four aminoacid fragment, such as ACTH-(1-4), Indeed, a significant increase of phagocytic index (ratio between the mean number of bacteria phagocytized in the presence and in the absence of the peptides) was observed with 10(-8)M ACTH-(1-24) and 10(-11) M ACTH-(1-24) and ACTH-(1-4). The data indicate a possible important function of ACTH in human pathophysiology, and suggest that these molecules may play a role in the cross-talk between the immune and neuroendocrine systems.
1995
- Cytokines and invertebrate immune responses
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Cassanelli, Stefano; Genedani, Susanna
abstract
A profound interrelationship between cytokines and invertebrate (molluscs) immune responses has been reported. Different cytokines (IL-1 alpha, IL-2 and TNF-alpha significantly stimulate molluscan hemocyte motility, increasing phagocytic activity and provoking the induction of nitric oxide synthase. As far as cell motility is concerned, the response to different cytokines varied between species. These and other recently reported findings (Ottaviani et al (1994) FEES Lett 351, 19-21; Ottaviani et al (1995) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 207, 288-292) suggest that cytokines are important, ancestral, and functionally conserved molecules, which have also maintained their pleiotropicity, redundancy in the mode of action, and high promiscuity of their receptors during evolution.
1995
- EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF IMMUNOREACTIVE POMC-DERIVED PEPTIDES AND CYTOKINES IN THE THYMUS OF THE GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS-C-AURATUS)
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Franceschi, C.
abstract
The presence of immunoreactive pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides (adrenocorticotropin hormone, beta-endorphin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone) and of cytokine-like molecules [interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha] was demonstrated in periodic acid-Schiff-positive epithelial cells in the thymus of the goldfish (Carassius c. auratus) using immunocytochemical procedures. POMC-derived peptide- and cytokine-like molecules were localized in the same cell type. Lymphocytes were negative for all the above mentioned molecules. Despite the smaller number of cells positive for neuropeptide- and cytokine-like molecules, our findings suggest that immune-neuroendocrine interactions are likely to occur in the thymus of goldfish.
1995
- INVERTEBRATE IMMUNOCYTES - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHAGOCYTOSIS AND NITRIC-OXIDE PRODUCTION
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Fontanili, P; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
This report demonstrates the presence of the immunoreactive enzyme nitric oxide (NO) synthase in the molluscan hemocytes of Viviparus ater. Bacterial elimination by the hemocytes occurs through phagocytosis and the nitric oxide (NO) system, These processes are correlated, and the hemocytes activate phagocytosis before the NO defence response. This behaviour could be explained by the fact that, as in vertebrate macrophages, NO synthase can also be induced in invertebrate hemocytes, Indeed, in the bacteria-activated hemocytes there is an increase of NO synthase in comparison to controls, Moreover, the same behaviour is also seen in the NADPH diaphorase activity, These findings suggest a pivotal role of the NO system in defence mechanisms, and indicate that, as with phagocytosis, this system developed very early in the course of evolution.
1995
- Immune and neuroendocrine responses in molluscs: The role of cytokines
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
In this paper, we overview the data obtained eel the presence of cytokine-like molecules in molluscan hemocytes and on the relationships between mammalian cytokines and molluscan immune-neuroendocrine responses. Only the hemocytes with phagocytic activity show immunoreactivity to the different cytokines tested (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-alpha). Mammalian cytokines are able to affect cell motility, bacterial phagocytosis, induction of nitric oxide synthase and the release of biogenic amines by hemocytes. Moreover, we provide evidence suggesting that the cytokines tested can bind to and compete with CRF for the sane membrane hemocyte receptor. Our findings indicate that these molecules are ancestral and have maintained their pleiotropicity, functional redundancy and receptor promiscuity.
1995
- Nitric oxide: An ancestral immunocyte effector molecule
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Conte, Angela; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
The presence and the role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were investigated in the molluscan hemocytes by immunocytochemical, biochemical and functional ap preaches. Using an anti-NOS polyclonal antibody, immunoreactivity was observed in the hemocytes, and this reactivity increased after stimulation of the animals with Escherichia coli, indicating that this enzyme is inducible. The NOS inducibility was also histochemically demonstrated by detection of NADPH-diaphorase activity. Biochemical studies show that the enzyme is 70% cytoplasmatic and 30% membrane bound and that the inducible form is mainly cytoplasmatic. The nitrite + nitrate and citrulline formation, the inhibition by N-omega-nitro-L-arginine, the Km value for arginine, the calcium and co-enzyme dependence show that the molluscan NOS shares the same properties as the NOS isoenzymes so far studied. However, it cannot be identified with any of these enzymes. It appears to be in some way similar to an inducible form of human hepatocyte NOS. Also cytokines are able to induce NOS. In vitro studies have shown that hemocytes produce nitric oxide (NO), a bactericide substance, and that there is a relationship between the NO system and phagocytosis. The presence of NO in the invertebrate hemocyte demonstrates that critical molecules have been conserved over the course of evolution.
1995
- PRESENCE OF IMMUNOREACTIVE PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN-DERIVED PEPTIDES AND CYTOKINES IN THE THYMUS OF AN ANURAN AMPHIBIAN (RANA-ESCULENTA)
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo; Franceschi, C.
abstract
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMG)-derived peptide [adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), beta-endorphin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)]- and cytokine (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha)-like molecules were demonstrated in PAS positive epithelial cells of the thymus of the anuran amphibian Rana esculenta by an immunocytochemical procedure. Three groups of PAS positive epithelial cells were identified in the subcapsular cortex, inner cortex and medulla, respectively. The cells containing ACTH-, alpha-MSH- and cytokine-like molecules were distributed in the cortex and those containing beta-endorphin-like molecules in the medulla and inner cortex. Thymic lymphocytes were always negative for POMC-derived peptides and cytokines. These results suggest that the neuroendocrine function of the thymus can be traced back to lower vertebrates.
1994
- EFFECTS OF LOW-POWER 632 NM RADIATION (HENE LASER) ON A HUMAN CELL-LINE - INFLUENCE ON ADENYLNUCLEOTIDES AND CYTOSKELETAL STRUCTURES
[Articolo su rivista]
Bolognani, L; Fantin, Amb; Franchini, Antonella; Volpi, Nicola; Venturelli, T; Conti, Amf
abstract
HeNe (632 nm) irradiation (5, 15 and 30 min) of an embryonal human cell line (EUE) was used to study the short-term effects on energy charge and the rapid, energy-dependent, remodelling processes of cytoskeletal and adhesion structures. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration, tested by luminometric and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures, is constant after 15 and 30 min of HeNe treatment; the lower phosphorylated nucleotides, i.e. adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP), change after 30 min in opposite directions: the ADP concentration decreases by 39% whilst that of AMP increases about sixfold. The adenylate energy charge (AEC) decreases by 21.7% in treated EUE cells (AEC = 0.65) in comparison with untreated EUE cells (AEC = 0.83). In HeNe-treated cells, the remodelling of cytoskeletal and adhesion molecules becomes evident after 15 min of treatment. The following events are important: (1) modification of stress fibre assembly and increase in vinculin-containing adhesion plaques; (2) assembly and bundling of intermediate filaments; (3) increase in laminin and L-cell adhesion molecules (L-CAM) expression. The lowered energy charge in irradiated cells is related to the increase in AMP production at the expense of ADP. ATP is dynamically constant despite its requirement in short-time remodelling processes of the cytoskeletal network which are enhanced in irradiated cells.
1994
- GILL MORPHOLOGY AND ATPASE ACTIVITY IN THE GOLDFISH CARASSIUS-CARASSIUS VAR AURATUS EXPOSED TO EXPERIMENTAL LEAD-INTOXICATION
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Alessandrini, F; Fantin, Amb
abstract
The effect of acute lead intoxication (5 mg l-1) on the structure and function of the gills in Carassius carassius var. auratus was studied. The gills absorbed Pb very quickly and the storage increased progressively in the longest treated specimens. Light and electron microscopy observations on gill filaments from unexposed fish showed in organization similar to that described for other teleosteans. Gill histological and cytological alterations induced by lead were detected after 24 h of treatment and became more evident after 48 h. The salient changes were the following: 1) free parts of secondary lamellae increased in length and had irregular outlines; 2) an increased number of mucocytes, prevalently distributed over the superficial layer of the primary epithelium; 3) chloride and epithelial cell ultrastructure were particularly damaged; the degenerating chloride cells were more numerous; 4) K+-NPPase activity was not particularly affected; on the contrary, Ca2+-ATPase increased particularly in chloride cells.
1994
- IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL DETECTION OF ENDOCRINE-CELLS IN THE GUT OF VIVIPARUS ATER (MOLLUSCA, GASTROPODA)
[Articolo su rivista]
FRANCHINI, Antonella; REBECCHI, Barbara; FANTIN, AMB
abstract
The presence of endocrine cells was investigated by immunocytochemical procedures in the gut and salivary gland of Viviparus ater, a freshwater prosobranch gastropod. The endocrine cells were scanty and both of closed and open cell type. Most of them were located in the esophagus (immunostaining with antigastrin, anti-insulin, anti-serotonin and anti-substance P antisera), very few in the stomach (immunoreactive only to anti-gastrin antibody) and in proximal part of the intestine (immuno-reactive to anti-serotonin and anti-substance P antibodies). In the salivary glands, occasional endocrine cells scattered among the glandular cells in the adenomera stained with anti-neuropeptide Y, anti-pancreatic polypeptide and anti-somatostatin sera were detected.
1994
- MODIFICATION INDUCED BY ACTH IN HEMOCYTE CYTOSKELETON OF THE FRESH-WATER SNAIL VIVIPARUS-ATER (GASTROPODA, PROSOBRANCHIA)
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) is able to induce motile events in the phagocytic hemocytes of Viviparus ater by modifying the cytoskeletal components. The cell shape changes into a polarized morphology. The microfilament bundles, which, in control cells display a radial distribution from the nucleus to the cell periphery. are arranged under the plasma membrane. Moreover, on the protruded lamellipod, actin is accumulated in small, round structures. The microtubule component increases and seems to contribute to the maintenance of cell polarity. Hemocyte adhesive properties are also modified, and different localization patterns of extracellular fibronectin are observed. Cellular responses induced by the ACTH signal may be mediated by cyclic 3', 5'-AMP (cAMP).
1994
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR AND INTERLEUKIN-2 - EVOLUTIONARY EVIDENCE
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Caselgrandi, E; Cossarizza, Andrea; Franceschi, C.
abstract
The addition of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) to molluscan hemocytes induces the release of biogenic amines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine), a phenomenon we have considered as an ancestral type of stress response [(1992) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 87, 354-360]. A similar but less significant response was observed following the addition of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Pre-incubation of hemocytes with IL-2 or anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody significantly reduced or completely eliminated the CRF-induced release of biogenic amines. Further direct evidence of competition between CRF and IL-2 was revealed by immunocytochemical and cytofluorimetric analysis. The data are compatible with the presence of a unique (ancestral?) receptor on molluscan hemocytes, capable of binding both CRF and IL-2, two key molecules of the neuroendocrine and immune system, respectively.
1994
- THE EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR AND PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN-DERIVED PEPTIDES ON THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF MOLLUSCAN HEMOCYTES
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Fontanili, P.
abstract
The effect of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides on hemocyte phagocytosis in two molluscs, Planorbarius corneus and Viviparus ater was studied. The peptides and related fragments examined are those which have been shown to influence hemocyte motility in the two species. The results obtained revealed that the effects on phagocytosis are not directly correlated with previous findings on cell motility. Furthermore, the mode of action of an individual peptide could be species-specific and dose-dependent. The relationships between peptides, locomotion and phagocytosis in these molluscs are discussed.
1993
- CRF PROVOKES THE RELEASE OF NOREPINEPHRINE BY HEMOCYTES OF VIVIPARUS-ATER (GASTROPODA, PROSOBRANCHIA) - FURTHER EVIDENCE IN FAVOR OF THE EVOLUTIONARY HYPOTHESIS OF THE MOBILE IMMUNE-BRAIN
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Caselgrandi, E; Franchini, Antonella; Franceschi, C.
abstract
The concentration of biogenic amines (norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine) was determined by HPLC in serum and hemocytes of the mollusc Viviparus ater following in vitro incubation of the hemolymph with corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) for different periods of time. CRF provoked the release of norepinephrine from hemocytes into the serum, the maximum level being observed after 15 min. incubation. Moreover, immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase, i.e., the enzymes involved in biogenic amine biosynthesis, have been demonstrated in hemocytes. These findings show that in invertebrates an ancestral type of stress response, similar to that performed by mammalian hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, occurs in phagocytic hemocytes, a cell type capable of both fundamental immune and neuroendocrine responses.
1993
- PRESENCE OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE-LIKE MOLECULES IN MOLLUSCAN HEMOCYTES
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Franceschi, C.
abstract
The presence of a variety of cytokine-like molecules (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha) in the hemocytes of two molluscs, i.e., Planorbarius corneus and Viviparus ater, is reported. These molecules are present only in hemocytes with phagocytic activity. These data, together with recent reports on the presence of cytokine-like molecules in other invertebrates, suggest that cytokines are important, ancestral and functionally conserved molecules.
1992
- ACTH-LIKE MOLECULES IN LYMPHOCYTES - A STUDY IN DIFFERENT VERTEBRATE CLASSES
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Cossarizza, Andrea; Frenceschi, C.
abstract
Immunocytochemical and cytofluorimetric studies were performed in several species of different classes (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia and Aves), in order to ascertain the presence of ACTH-like molecules in blood cells. Using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, we demonstrated that lymphocytes containing ACTH-like molecules are first detectable in anuran amphibia, and are present in lymphocytes of reptilia and aves. Taking into account previous results demonstrating that ACTH-like molecules are present in and modulate macrophage functions from molluscs to man, it is argued that a new biological role has probably been acquired by ACTH in higher vertebrates, where it is also expressed in cells belonging to the lymphocyte lineage, possibly exerting a regulatory role on antibody response.
1992
- Histomorphological and cytochemical changes induced in the liver of goldfish Carassius carassius var. auratus by short-term exposure to lead.
[Articolo su rivista]
A. M., Bolognani Fantin; Franchini, Antonella; P., Trevisan; Pederzoli, Aurora
abstract
The cellular and molecular effects of experimental lead intoxication (5 mg l-1/24 h and 48 h) were studied in hepatocytes of Carassius carassius var. auratus. Significant lead storage was not detected by atomic absorbance spectroscopy after treatment. Cell morphology appeared only poorly impaired. A decrease of glycogen content was observed. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and pentose shunt were altered in their enzymatic activities. Lysosomal activities were strongly increased. All enzymatic activities tested were altered 24 h after lead treatment.
1992
- INTESTINAL-CELL TYPES IN THE FRESH-WATER SNAIL PLANORBARIUS-CORNEUS - HISTOCHEMICAL, IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL OBSERVATIONS
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo
abstract
The intestinal cell types of the pulmonate gastropod Planorbarius corneus were studied using histochemical, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural procedures. Supporting cells, mucous cells and gland cells were observed in the intestine epithelium. The supporting cells seem to be involved in absorption process, showing endocytosis vesicles, evidence of lysosomal activity and storage of reserve materials. The presence of epithelial cells specialized in secretion indicates that digestive enzymes may be produced. Indeed, immunoreactive alpha-amylase molecules have been demonstrated. Some gland cells showed the ultrastructural features of invertebrate and vertebrate enteroendocrine cells and were also positive to vertebrate anti-insulin, anti-gastrin and anti-serotonin antibodies.
1992
- THE PRESENCE OF IMMUNOREACTIVE VERTEBRATE BIOACTIVE PEPTIDE SUBSTANCES IN HEMOCYTES OF THE FRESH-WATER SNAIL VIVIPARUS-ATER (GASTROPODA, PROSOBRANCHIA)
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella; Fontanili, P.
abstract
1. Using an immunocytochemical procedure a wide range of immunoreactive vertebrate bioactive peptides (BAPs) has been found in hemocytes of Viviparus ater: bombesin, calcitonin, CCK-8, CCK-39, GH, glucagon, insulin, oxytocin, neurotensin, secretin, serotonin, somatostatin, substance P, vasopressin, and VIP. 2. No immunostaining was observed for antigastrin and antithyroglobulin antibodies. 3. The presence of BAP-like molecules in hemocytes suggests a correlation between hemocyte and APUD cells and is evidence of a relationship between the neuroendocrine and the immune systems.
1991
- EFFECTS OF LEAD ON HEPATOCYTE ULTRASTRUCTURE IN CARASSIUS-CARASSIUS (L) VAR AURATUS
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Barbanti, E; Fantin, Amb
abstract
Subcellular modifications in hepatocytes of Carassius carassius var. auratus subjected to 24 hr and 48 hr sublethal acute lead (5mg.1(1)) exposure were studied by electron microscopy. Cytological alterations were observed after 24 hr of treatment and became more evident after 48 hr. Lead induced an increase in nuclear heterochromatin and alterations in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex ultrastructure. Glycogen granula decreased, and secondary lysosomes and lipid droplets increased. Furthermore, intracytoplasmic lumina with microvilli-bearing surfaces and numerous autophagic vacuola were observed after 48 hr of exposure.
1990
- A PRELIMINARY HISTOCHEMICAL-STUDY ON THE LABRAL GLANDS OF DAPHNIA-OBTUSA (CRUSTACEA, CLADOCERA)
[Articolo su rivista]
Zeni, C; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
The gland cells located in the upper lip of the cladoceran Daphnia were studied by histochemical reactions to establish the chemical nature of some substances they synthesize. Neutral polysaccharides were found to be present, but acid glycosaminoglycans absent. Large amounts of proteins and ribonucleoproteins are also present, lipid substances were not detected. Immunohistochemical methods failed to reveal alpha-amylase in the labral gland cells, though the enzyme was detected in the cells of the intestine. The secretion products of the labral gland cells are probably glycoproteins. The results are discussed in terms of the possible roles of these substances in the animal's physiology.
1990
- Fine structure and acid phosphatase localization of hemocytes in the freshwater snail Viviparus ater (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia)
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, A.; Ottaviani, E.
abstract
The ultrastructure of hemocytes of the freshwater snail Viviparus ater was studied. A single cell type characterized by the presence of thin pseudopods, polymorphic nucleus, and α-glycogen granules was found. Moreover, cytoplasmic granules with different morphologies were observed, suggesting different stages of granule maturation. These granules show variable amounts of acid phosphatase reaction products. Due to its morphological and functional characteristics, this cell type belongs to the spreading hemocytes described in other gastropod molluscs, confirming light microscopy observations. © 1990.
1990
- ULTRASTRUCTURAL-CHANGES IN THE GANGLIA OF VIVIPARUS-ATER FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL LEAD-INTOXICATION
[Articolo su rivista]
Fantin, Amb; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
Ultrastructural damage in the ganglia of Viviparus ater specimens exposed to short-term staticpollution by lead (1,2,5, and 10 mgiliter for 24,48, and 96 hr) was studied. In polluted samples theneurons inside the ganglia are not regularly arranged in layers in the superficial zone of the gangliabut are irregularly scattered. Neuron structure appears particularly affected by lead exposure: thecell swells and the axon hillock is poorly distinguishable; the nucleus also frequently swells and thechromatin appears particularly dispersed; Nissl bodies appear disassembled and the ribosomes arenot generally linked to the vesicle membranes; the mitochondria are also swollen, cristae practicallydisappear, and the matrix becomes homogeneous and electron transparent; and a noticeableincrease in the number and size of secondary lysosomes was observed. 8 1990 Academic PXSS, I~IC.
1989
- Characterization of glycoconjugates in an embryonic human epithelial line and changes consequent to adaptation to a hyperosmotic medium
[Articolo su rivista]
Fantin, A. M. B.; Menghi, G.; Franchini, A.; Bondi, A. M.; Accili, D.; Conti, A. M. F.
abstract
Cell surface and cytoplasmic glycoconjugates were characterized in embryonic human explant cells (a transformed heteroploid line) cultured in iso-osmotic medium (0.137 m NaCl) and in hyperosmotic medium (0.274 m NaCl) for 10 days in order to study the changes induced in these compounds by hyperosmoticity. Cytochemical and ultracytochemical staining selective for glycoconjugates was carried out. The following results were obtained: (1) glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids are present on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of the explant cells; (2) lectin histochemistry combined with glycosidase digestion demonstrated the presence of the disaccharides fucose-N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid-β-galactose as terminal sequences; (3) histophotometric evaluation of lectin labelling showed a noticeable decrease in histochemical reactivity of adapted cells; (4) plasma membrane cell coat decreased in adapted cells, which was emphasized by ultracytochemical reactions and a rearrangement of glycolipids in the cytoplasm. © 1989 Chapman and Hall Ltd.
1988
- Effects of hypertonic conditions on cytoskeletal and adhesion structures of EUE cells.
[Articolo su rivista]
Bolognani Fantin, Am; Franchini, Antonella; Fuhrman Conti, Am; Corbascio, Gc; Marchisio, Pc
abstract
The distribution of cytoskeletal structures has been studied by electron and immunofluorescence microscopy in human embryonic epithelial cells (EUE cells) exposed to a hypertonic medium containing 0.274 M NaCl. A first noticeable effect involved an increase of cell size. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments were also considerably changed under these experimental conditions. The most marked effect was on intermediate filaments of the keratin type which formed very thick bundles around the nucleus and gave rise to an intracellular cagework which is likely i) to increase mechanical resistance and ii) to avoid cell collapse in conditions of hyperosmolarity. A remarkable increase in complexity of the microfilamentous network was also found: stress fibers became thicker and more densely arranged and vinculin-containing streaks at focal cell-substratum contacts increased in number and size; this indicated improved cellular adhesion. The phenotypic adaptation of EUE cells to conditions of hyperosmolarity is slowly reversible under defined experimental conditions.
1988
- Ultrastructural Study of Haemocytes of the Freshwater Snail Planorbarius corneus (L.) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, E.; Franchini, A.
abstract
Ultrastructural studies were performed on the blood cells of Planorbarius corneus. Spreading and round cell forms were observed. The spreading form can be distinguished from the round form by its abundant cytoplasm, pseudopods and irregularly shaped nucleus. Electron dense granules in the mitochondrial matrix are found in the round form and are lacking in the spreading form. Moreover, cellular apoptosis is observed in the round form. The ultrastructural findings and the previously described characteristics support the idea that the two cell forms belong to two basic cell types. 1988 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1987
- Cytofunctional changes in E.U.E. cells adapted to hypertonic medium: scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations
[Articolo su rivista]
BOLOGNANI FANTIN A., M; Franchini, Antonella; Sabatini, Maria Agnese; FUHRMAM CONTI, A. M.
abstract
In E.U.E. cells adapted to hypertonic medium, cytomorphological changes were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy . SEM observations both on free cells and on cells cultured on coverslips pointed out that microvilli increase in number and size. An increase of anchorage plates was also observed. SEM observations were also performed on synchronized cells in different cell cycle phases. After 10 days of culture in hypertonic medium, the following cytological changes were observed by TEM in E.U.E. cells: 1) mitochondria appeared swollen, 2) Golgi apparatus number decreased and the organelle appeared to be in an active phase, 3) the rough reticulum and free ribosomes were noticeably decreased, 4) the intermediate filaments were considerably increased, 5) lipid droplets become more numerous, 6) the nucleus presented more numerous indentations and chromatin was more dispersed. After 5 days of deadaptation from hypertonic medium, the cell features appeared to became the same as in control.
1987
- Histochemical research on metabolic pathways of glucose in some species of Mollusca Gastropoda.
[Articolo su rivista]
Bolognani Fantin, A. M.; L., Bolognani; Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
The metabolic pathways of glucose were studied by histochemical reactions in some species of gastropods living in different habitats. The glycolytic pathway is histochemically indicated by positive results for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and D-lactate dehydrogenase. The enzymes of the Krebs cycle gave different responses: isocitrate dehydrogenase and L-malate dehydrogenase were positive, whilst succinate dehydrogenase was constantly negative. Malate synthetase activity was also demonstrated. Despite L-glutamate dehydrogenase is undetectable, the presence of transaminase indicates the gluconeogenetic route. Phosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphate phosphatase appear also positive. The metabolic meaning of our results were discussed.
1985
- Biogenic amines in the snail brain of Helicella virgata (Gastropoda, Pulmonata).
[Articolo su rivista]
Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo; E., Caselgrandi
abstract
The presence of biogenic amines is demonstrated in the central nervous system of Helicella virgata using a modified glyoxylic acid technique and high-performance liquid chromatography.
1985
- Effect of pollution on some freshwater species. II. Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of experimental lead pollution on the ganglia in Viviparus ater (Mollusca, Gastropoda).
[Articolo su rivista]
Bolognani Fantin, A. M.; Franchini, Antonella; Ottaviani, Enzo; L., Benedetti
abstract
The effect of lead on ganglia of Viviparus ater were studied by histochemical and histomorphological procedures. The pollution experiment should be considered a "short-time static bioassay" because of its experimental characteristics. There was considerable accumulation of lead in the ganglia as determined by atomic absorbance (A.A.S.). The cytological damage principally affected the neuronal cell bodies which undergo degenerative processes. The most serious cytopathological changes occurred in the following sequence: nuclear damage leading to pyknosis; nucleolar damage until disappearance; changes in Nissl bodies, at times forming a uniform mass. These cytological disorders led to markedly altered protein synthesis. Nerve fibers and neuroglia did not appear affected by lead exposure, even at higher doses. Membrane enzymes, phosphorylase, NADHDH, NADPHDH and SDH activities were decreased, whereas D-LDH, G-6-PDH, G-6-Pase and MAO activities increased. GDH was unchanged. Changes in polar lipid composition were also observed with an increase of phospholipids and a decrease of sulpholipids and cerebrosides.
1984
- Ultrastructural features of supramedullary neurons in Crenilabrus quinquemaculatus.
[Articolo su rivista]
M., Marini; I., Benedetti; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
The ultrastructural study of the supramedullary neurons in Crenilabrus quinquemaculatus shows that these cells are engaged in intense synthetic activity as is testified by the nuclear morphology, the plentiful rough endoplasmic reticulum and polysomes, and finally the remarkably developed Golgi complexes, many of them active. Moreover the cytoplasm of the supramedullary neurons shows numerous membrane-bounded bodies (1,800-4,000 A) containing electron dense material, more or less finely granular. Research is presently being carried out to establish the meaning of these electron dense bodies.
1982
- Neurosecretory cells in the central nervous system of Helicella virgata (Gastropoda, Pulmonata).
[Articolo su rivista]
Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
The central nervous system of Helicella virgata was first investigated with chrome-haematoxylin phloxin and paraldehyde-fuchsin techniques for the detection of neurosecretory cells. With the alcian blue/alcian yellow staining method five cell types were identified within the class of Gomori-positive cells. It was further established that the group of Gomori-negative cells distributed in the right parietal and left parieto-visceral ganglia reacts positively with alcian blue/alcian yellow method. These cells are to be included in the Yellow Green Cells type
1982
- The digestive apparatus of Murex brandaris (L.) and Trunculariopsis Trunculus (L.).
[Articolo su rivista]
Bolognani Fantin, A. M.; L., Bolognani; Ottaviani, Enzo; Franchini, Antonella
abstract
The histomorphology and histochemistry of the digestive apparatus of Murex brandaris and Trunculariopsis trunculus has been studied in order to clarify the structural features of the digestive tract and the physiology of digestion in these species. Biochemical analyses of polar lipids and of some enzymatic activities were also carried out on the connected glands. (salivary, "framboisé", Leiblein and digestive). Digestive enzyme production is not present in the stomach and intestine. These enzymes are produced not only by the connected glands, but also by a specialized epithelial cell type (granular cell) present in the oesophagus and in the rectum. Absorbtion activity is demonstrable at the level of the rectum.
1981
- Effetti di variazioni della temperatura sul comportamento e su alcune attività enzimatiche in Semisalsa aponensis e Bithynia tentaculata
[Articolo su rivista]
A. M., Bolognani Fantin; Franchini, Antonella; Pederzoli, Aurora; P., Trevisan
abstract
The Bithynia specimens adapt well to 18 C. At temperatures higher 31 C all activities stop. The NAD+ dependent diaphorase activity and the succinate dehydrogenase activity increases.
1981
- Food Deprivation in the Muricid Drill Ocinebrina edwardsi (Mollusca: Prosobranchia): Histomorphological and Behaviour Research
[Articolo su rivista]
Fantin, A. M. B.; Nardi, P.; Ottaviani, E.; Franchini, A.; Tongiorgi, P.
abstract
Abstract. After a starvation period the predation rate in specimens of Ocinebrina edwardsi is less than in animals which feed normally. The closer the prey predator contact during the starvation period, the higher the level of predation when the snails are allowed to resume feeding. The reduction in predation after a long or short fast is obviously the result of changes in the structure and function of the ABO. In the secreting cells of normally fed animals the following enzymatic activities can be distinguished: acid and alkaline phosphatases, carbonic anhydrase and ATPase. Carbonic anhydrase and acid phosphatase activities are not present in starved individuals. Only after the animals have resumed feeding for 10 days does the ABO completely recover its enzymatic functions. Copyright © 1981, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved